Estresse ocupacional em profissionais de saúde: um estudo com enfermeiros portugueses

Abstract

RESUMO -Este trabalho analisa o estresse ocupacional em 286 enfermeiros de hospitais e centros de saúde portugueses. Avaliaram-se as fontes de estresse, o burnout, os problemas de saúde física, a satisfação e a realização profissional. Os resultados apontaram 30% de enfermeiros com experiências significativas de estresse e 15% com problemas de exaustão emocional. As análises de regressão múltipla apontaram maior capacidade preditiva das dimensões de estresse na exaustão emocional, na saúde física, na satisfação e na realização profissional. As análises comparativas evidenciaram maiores problemas de estresse e reações mais negativas ao trabalho nas mulheres, nos enfermeiros mais novos e com menor experiência, nos trabalhadores com contratos a prazo, nos profissionais que realizam trabalho por turnos e nos que trabalham mais horas.Palavras-chave: enfermagem; estresse ocupacional; burnout; saúde; satisfação. Occupational Stress in Health Professionals:A Study with Portuguese Nurses ABSTRACT -This work analyses occupational stress in 286 nurses from hospitals and health care centres in Portugal. The following dimensions were evaluated: stress, burnout, physical health problems, satisfaction and professional fulfilment.Results revealed significant stress experiences in 30% of the professionals, and emotional exhaustion problems in 15%.Multiple regression analysis pointed out stress as an important predictor of emotional exhaustion, physical health, satisfaction and professional fulfilment. Comparative analysis suggested more occupational stress and professional negative experiences in the following groups: female nurses, younger and less experienced nurses, those with short-term working contracts, nurses working on a shift-basis system, and nurses working during long hours.Keywords: nursing; occupational stress; burnout; health; satisfaction. O problema do estresse ocupacional em profissionais da saúde e em particular em enfermeiros é um tema contemporâneo de debate e investigação. Assim, os estudos têm vindo a evidenciar que os enfermeiros representam uma classe profissional particularmente exposta a elevados níveis de pressão e estresse (Bourbonnais, Comeau, Vézina & Guylaine, 1998;Butterworth, Carson, Jeacock, White & Clements, 1999;McIntyre, McIntyre & Silvério, 1999; Murofuse, Abranhes & Napoleão, 2005;Payne & Firth-Cozens, 1987). A título ilustrativo, Petterson, Arnetz, Arnetz e Horte (1995) verificaram, em um trabalho levado a cabo com enfermeiros suecos, valores superiores a 80% de estresse elevado a muito elevado.Devido a essas indicações, os investigadores têm procurado verificar quais os potenciais efeitos negativos na saúde e bem-estar desses profissionais, descrevendo-se consequên-cias em vários níveis como, por exemplo, menor satisfação (Blegen, 1993), mais queixas de natureza física e psicológica (Cooper, Dewe & O'Driscoll, 2001;Hillhouse & Adler, 1997;Marshall & Barnett, 1993) e maior absentismo (Borda & Norman, 1997; Sauter, Hurrell & Cooper, 1989).Para além desse nível individual de análise, o inter...

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