Estrogen: The necessary evil for human health, and ways to tame it

Patel, Seema; Homaei, Ahmad; Akondi, Butchi Raju; Meher, Biswa Ranjan

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.078

Cited by 165 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…17β-estradiol, the predominant form of circulating estrogen, is a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in both sexes. It is well known that estrogen is exceptionally important in the regulation of the menstrual cycle in females and is highly abundant during a female's reproductive years [60]. The significant decrease in estrogen synthesis, due to lowered function of the ovaries, causes women to enter menopause and is the reason women experience most menopausal symptoms [60].…”

Section: Estrogen Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-receptor Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Estrogen-Related Signaling and Human Papillomavirus Positive Cancers

2020

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High risk-human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known carcinogens. Numerous reports have linked the steroid hormone estrogen, and the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs), to HPV-related cancers, although the exact nature of the interactions remains to be fully elucidated. Here we will focus on estrogen signaling and describe both pro and potentially anti-cancer effects of this hormone in HPV-positive cancers. This review will summarize: (1) cell culture-related evidence, (2) animal model evidence, and (3) clinical evidence demonstrating an interaction between estrogen and HPV-positive cancers. This comprehensive review provides insights into the potential relationship between estrogen and HPV. We suggest that estrogen may provide a potential therapeutic for HPV-related cancers, however additional studies are necessary.

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Section: Estrogen Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-receptor Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Estrogen-Related Signaling and Human Papillomavirus Positive Cancers

2020

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“…The declination profile for cortisol occurs after human birth . However, there is a dramatic decline in progesterone and estrogen levels by approximately 98% (with the delivery of the placenta) . This may result in estrogen dominance due to the ng/mL vs pg/mL declination of progesterone and 17β‐estradiol, respectively, along with the fact that 17β‐estradiol is the more potent hormone .…”

Section: Steroidogenesis (Aromatase and 5α‐reductase) Expression And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…52 However, there is a dramatic decline in progesterone and estrogen levels by approximately 98% (with the delivery of the placenta). 22,[53][54][55][56] This may result in estrogen dominance due to the ng/mL vs pg/ mL declination of progesterone and 17β-estradiol, respectively, along with the fact that 17β-estradiol is the more potent hormone. 22,[53][54][55] Also, the rapid decline of progesterone may alter 5α-DHT formation since progesterone is a preferred substrate for the 5α-reductase enzyme that could alter the estrogen/androgen ratio resulting in hair shedding and thinning after parturition.…”

Section: S Teroidog Ene S Is ( Aromata S E and 5 α-Reduc Ta S E) E mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22,[53][54][55][56] This may result in estrogen dominance due to the ng/mL vs pg/ mL declination of progesterone and 17β-estradiol, respectively, along with the fact that 17β-estradiol is the more potent hormone. 22,[53][54][55] Also, the rapid decline of progesterone may alter 5α-DHT formation since progesterone is a preferred substrate for the 5α-reductase enzyme that could alter the estrogen/androgen ratio resulting in hair shedding and thinning after parturition. 17,55,56 Finally, estrone sulfate as a source of estrone and 17β-estradiol formation in human hair follicles has been reported recently 57 (Figure 1).…”

Section: S Teroidog Ene S Is ( Aromata S E and 5 α-Reduc Ta S E) E mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human scalp hair: Modulation by various factors and hormones do estrogens inhibit or stimulate—A perplexing perspective

Lephart

2019

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Summary Several journal reports, reviews, and commentaries over the last 20‐25 years have pointed out the controversy attached to 17β‐estradiol's inhibitory or stimulatory influence on hair follicle growth/cycling citing rodent (murine) and human results. While 17β‐estradiol is the most potent sex steroid hormone in the body and has almost equal affinity for estrogen receptor (ER) alpha (α) and beta (β), there appears to be specific ER‐mediated effects on scalp hair follicles/growth, etc. Additionally, the newly discovered G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30 or GPER) and the orphan receptor, estrogen‐related receptor (ERR) gamma (γ), in skin and other tissue sites have potential impacts of how estrogens via these receptors may alter scalp hair characteristics, but this remains to be elucidated. Conversely, the negative impact of the 5α‐reductase enzyme and its steroid product, 5α‐dihydrotestosterone, on scalp hair growth is clear. Less clear is how 17β‐estradiol is stimulatory in some scalp hair studies, but inhibitory in others. This brief summary examines the potential influences of steroidogenesis via aromatase (estrogen biosynthesis) and 5α‐reductase expression, their enzyme activities, and steroid products along with the concepts of how steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR) and estrone sulfate may be involved in the complex hormonal, cellular/molecular signaling cascade of the hair follicle in growth and cycling.

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“…Dietary intake of estrogen-containing food could result in the disturbance of different metabolic activities, including fat, sugar, and protein metabolism. Additionally, overexpression of estrogen receptors, as a result of an excessive estrogen intake, is related to the development of autoimmune diseases, as well as different types of cancers, particularly breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers [4,5]. Recently, the role of estrogens in modulating metastatic cascades of cancer cells has been emphasized [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products

et al. 2020

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In this work, an HPLC-DAD method was developed for the residual analysis of some estrogens such as estrone (E1), 17-β estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), natural estrogens, and 17-α ethinylestradiol (E4), an exoestrogen, in meat samples of different categories (chicken, n = 155, beef, n = 124, sheep, n = 122, and camels, n = 40), collected from the Saudi Market. Although banned, the use of E4 as a growth promoter in the black market is still encountered. Symmetry C18 column (3.5 µm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) was used with a mobile phase consisting of 50% aqueous acetonitrile. Protein precipitation with acetonitrile was used for the sample preparation. The method was fully validated, as per the ICH guidelines, in the concentration ranges of 0.35–125 µg/g (E1, E2), 0.188–125 µg/g (E3), and 0.188–450 µg/g (E4). The method allowed the trace analysis of estrogens with LOD values of 0.094 (E3, E4) and 0.126 µg/g (E1, E2), and LOQ values of 0.188 (E3, E4) and 0.350 µg/g (E1, E2). The analyzed samples contained different levels of estrogens. Within the same category, processed products contained the highest levels of E4, while the internal organs contained the least estrogen content. Finally, the estimated daily intake, µg/kg bw/day, of estrogens through the consumption of meat-based food products was calculated.

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Estrogen: The necessary evil for human health, and ways to tame it

Cited by 165 publications

References 120 publications

The Relationship between Estrogen-Related Signaling and Human Papillomavirus Positive Cancers

The Relationship between Estrogen-Related Signaling and Human Papillomavirus Positive Cancers

Human scalp hair: Modulation by various factors and hormones do estrogens inhibit or stimulate—A perplexing perspective

Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products

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