TB. Estrogen-dependent facilitation on spinal reflex potentiation involves the Cdk5/ERK1/2/NR2B cascade in anesthetized rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297: E416 -E426, 2009. First published June 16, 2009 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00129.2009.-Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5), a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase, may alter pain-related neuronal plasticity by regulating extracellular signal-related kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. This study investigated whether Cdk5-dependent ERK activation underlies the estrogen-elicited facilitation on the repetitive stimulation-induced spinal reflex potentiaton (SRP) that is presumed to be involved in postinflammatory/neuropathic hyperalgesia and allodynia. Reflex activity of the external urethra sphincter electromyogram evoked by pelvic afferent nerve test stimulation (TS; 1 stimulation/30 s for 10 min) and repetitive stimulation (RS; 1 stimulation/1 s for 10 min) was recorded in anesthetized rats. TS evoked a baseline reflex activity, whereas RS produced SRP. Intrathecal (it) -estradiol facilitated the repetitive stimulation-induced SRP that was reversed by pretreatment with the estrogen receptor anatogonist ICI 182,780 (10 nM, 10 l it), Cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine (100 nM, 10 l it), ERK inhibitor (U-0126; 100 M, 10 l it) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) NR2B subunit antagonist (Co-101244; 100 nM, 10 l it). Moreover, ER␣ (propylpyrazoletriol; 100 nM, 10 l it) and ER (diarylpropionitrile; 100 M, 10 l it) agonists both facilitated the SRP, similar to results with a -estradiol injection. In association with the facilitated RS-induced SRP, an intrathecal -estradiol injection elicited ERK1/2 and NR2B subunit phosphorylation that were both reversed by intrathecal roscovitine and U-0126. These results indicated that the Cdk/ERK cascade, which is activated by ER␣ and ER, may subsequently phosphorylate the NR2B subunit to develop NMDA-dependent postinflammatory hyperalgesia and allodynia to maintain the protective mechanisms of the body. estradiol; cyclin-dependent kinase-5; NR2B; extracellular signal-related kinase; pelvic pain; spinal reflex potentiaton; hyperalgesia PAIN IS A PROTECTIVE MECHANISM required for the survival and the maintenance of the integrity of organism. However, sustained or chronic pain can result in secondary symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, that reduce life quality (30). Convincing evidence demonstrates that postinflammatory hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia are associated with the development of activity-dependent hyperexcitability in the spinal cord (19,91,92), a process that shares common characteristics with glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent neural plasticity in other brain areas (2, 27, 53, 76). Although specific molecules regulating nociception have been intensively investigated, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain undefined. So far, studies using genetic modification, antisense knockdown, and gene expression assays have identified several genes, whose expression levels are affected during pain sensation and/or ...