Ethylene biosynthesis and action: a case of conservation

Zarembinski, Thomas I.; Theologis, Athanasios

doi:10.1007/bf00016491

Cited by 309 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Ethylene is biosynthesized from methionine, which is converted to AdoMet 1 by the enzyme AdoMet synthetase. AdoMet is converted by the enzyme ACS to ACC, the precursor of ethylene (5,(7)(8)(9). ACC is oxidized to ethylene by ACO.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biochemical Diversity among the 1-Amino-cyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Isozymes Encoded by the Arabidopsis Gene Family

Yamagami

Tsuchisaka

Yamada

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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312

289

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1-Amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS, EC 4.4.1.14) is the key enzyme in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in plants. The completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence revealed the presence of twelve putative ACS genes, ACS1-12, dispersed among five chromosomes. ACS1-5 have been previously characterized. However, ACS1 is enzymatically inactive whereas ACS3 is a pseudogene. Complementation analysis with the Escherichia coli aminotransferase mutant DL39 shows that ACS10 and 12 encode aminotransferases. The remaining eight genes are authentic ACS genes and together with ACS1 constitute the Arabidopsis ACS gene family. All genes, except ACS3, are transcriptionally active and differentially expressed during Arabidopsis growth and development. IAA induces all ACS genes, except ACS7 and ACS9; CHX enhances the expression of all functional ACS genes. The ACS genes were expressed in E. coli, purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography, and biochemically characterized. The gas ethylene has been known since the beginning of the century to be used by plants as a signaling molecule for regulating a variety of developmental processes and stress responses (1). These include seed germination, leaf and flower senescence, fruit ripening, cell elongation, nodulation, wounding and pathogen responses. Ethylene production is induced by a variety of external factors, including wounding, viral infection, elicitors, auxin treatment, and Li ϩ ions (2-7). Ethylene is biosynthesized from methionine, which is converted to AdoMet 1 by the enzyme AdoMet synthetase. AdoMet is converted by the enzyme ACS to ACC, the precursor of ethylene (5, 7-9). ACC is oxidized to ethylene by ACO. ACS is a pyridoxal phosphate-containing enzyme (2, 5, 10) and its activity is regulated at the transcriptional (11-18) and posttranscriptional levels (19 -21). The ethylene biosynthetic enzymes, AdoMet synthetase, ACS, and ACO, are encoded by multigene families in various plant species (5,9,16,17,(22)(23)(24)(25). The crystal structures of apple and tomato Le-ACS2 isozymes were recently elucidated (26, 27). The structures show that the enzyme is a homodimer, and its overall fold and active sites are similar to those of aminotransferases even though the two enzymes have completely different catalytic activities. The tertiary structures together with available biochemical data explain the catalytic roles of the conserved and non-conserved active site residues (28 -31).The sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome revealed that ACS genes are putatively encoded by twelve genes (32). The question immediately arises as to why there are so many ACS isozymes for synthesizing ethylene in Arabidopsis. It has been postulated that the presence of ACS isozymes may reflect tissue-specific expression that satisfies the biochemical environment of the cells or tissues in which each isozyme is expressed (15). For example, a group of cells or tissues with low concentration of the ACS substrate, AdoMet, would express a high affinity (low K m ) ACS isozyme. Accordingly, the ...

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confidence: 99%

Biochemical Diversity among the 1-Amino-cyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Isozymes Encoded by the Arabidopsis Gene Family

Yamagami

Tsuchisaka

Yamada

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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312

289

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“…ACO sequences of species such as melon and petunia were also found to have the same amino acids conserved across all members of the Fe/ascorbate-dependent dioxygenase family (Tang et al, 1993;Zarembinski and Theologis, 1994). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AsACO has the highest identity to TaACO, which also belongs to monocotyledons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Cloning and expression of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic oxidase gene from Agrostis stolonifera

Xiao¹,

Li²,

Teng³

et al. 2016

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT.A gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic oxidase (ACO), which catalyzes the terminal step in ethylene biosynthesis, was isolated from Agrostis stolonifera. The AsACO gene is composed of 975 bp, encoding 324 amino acids. Three exons interspersed by two introns form AsACO gDNA. A BLAST search of the nucleotide sequence revealed a high level of similarity (79-91%) between AsACO and ACO genes of other plants. A phylogenetic tree was constructed via BLAST in the NCBI, and revealed the highest homology with wheat TaACO. The calculated molecular mass and predicted isoelectric point of AsACO were 36.25 and 4.89 kDa, respectively. Analysis of subcellular localization revealed that AsACO is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The Fe(II)-binding cofactors and cosubstrate were identified, pertaining to the ACO family. The expression patterns of AsACO were determined by quantitative real time PCR. AsACO expression was highest in the stem, and was strongly up-regulated in response to ethephon, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and cold temperature, but down-regulated in response to drought and NaCl treatment. The protein encoded by AsACO exhibited ACC oxidase activity in vitro. Taken together, these findings suggest that AsACO contains domains common to the ACO family, and is induced in response to exogenous hormones. Conversely, some abiotic stress conditions can inhibit AsACO expression.

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“…3). It is known, that IAA stimulates the activity of the enzyme, which is responsible for the synthesis of ACC (17). The low level of ACC in residue explants and the cultural media can be explained by the growing old of the tis-21 sues.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Some Endogenous Plant Hormones During Induction of Somatic E Mbryogenesis in Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)

Dobrev

Petkov

Svetleva

et al. 2001

Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment

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Ethylene biosynthesis and action: a case of conservation

Cited by 309 publications

References 126 publications

Biochemical Diversity among the 1-Amino-cyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Isozymes Encoded by the Arabidopsis Gene Family

Biochemical Diversity among the 1-Amino-cyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Isozymes Encoded by the Arabidopsis Gene Family

Cloning and expression of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic oxidase gene from Agrostis stolonifera

Analysis of Some Endogenous Plant Hormones During Induction of Somatic E Mbryogenesis in Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)

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