Euphorbium total triterpenes improve Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis through PI3K/AKT/Bax and NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways

Therapeutic potential of Coptis chinensis for arthritis with underlying mechanisms

“…PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is mainly mediated by growth factor signal transduction to lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and cell proliferation and survival, and other physiological processes, and it is related to inflammation, autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies, affecting cell proliferation, differentiation, metastasis and apoptosis ( Foster et al, 2012 ; Abeyrathna and Su, 2015 ; Liu et al, 2021 ). The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is crucial for the normal metabolism of joint tissues and is closely related to the occurrence and development of OA and RA ( Sun et al, 2020 ; Zhou et al, 2023 ; Zhang et al, 2001 ) found that the spontaneous and induced activation of AKT and the level of pAKT in RA patients were higher than those in OA patients. ( Dinesh and Rasool, 2019 ).…”

“…However, the types of arthritis treated with these targets are not completely clear. Targets, β2adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), AHR, CRP, IRF1, prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (PTGS1), SPP1 and other targets, exert key effects in the pathogenesis of arthritis, but role of them in the treatment of arthritis with CC has not been confirmed (Table 3) (Xu et al, 2004;Koskela et al, 2012;Ko et al, 2013;Li et al, 2013;Xue et al, 2014;Song et al, 2016;Trzybulska et al, 2018;Bonelli et al, 2019;Chu et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2019;Sun et al, 2020;Orecchini et al, 2020;Yang et al, 2020;Nalesso et al, 2021;Tang et al, 2021;Zou et al, 2021;Balasundaram et al, 2022;Cai et al, 2022;Liu et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022;Han et al, 2022;Man et al, 2022;Nguyen et al, 2022;Qian et al, 2022;Tavallaee et al, 2022;Zhuang et al, 2022;Afnan et al, 2023;Baggio et al, 2023;Sun et al, 2023b;Zhou et al, 2023;Fan et al, 2023;Huang et al, 2023;Ning et al, 2023;Qin et al, 2023;Skougaard et al, 2023;Tu et al, 2023;Xie et al, 2023;…”