EV Aggregators and Energy Storage Units Scheduling into Ancillary Services Markets: The Concept and Recommended Practice

Abstract

In this paper, optimization of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries and dedicated energy storage unit charging profiles were conducted for the sake of bidding into day-ahead ancillary service markets. The aim of the optimization is to provide the maximum operational profits for both the EV aggregator and dedicated energy storage unit administrator. Ancillary service algorithms were then introduced to simulate the response of the EV batteries and dedicated energy storage units. Results showed that the usage of dedicated energy storage units for bidding into the ancillary services markets is more profitable than the case of operating an EV aggregator.

RETRACTED: A robust vehicle to grid aggregation framework for electric vehicles charging cost minimization and for smart grid regulation

“…In [51], a user friendly aggregation model to integration EVs in the smart grid according to the consumer preferences is proposed which helps in regulating frequency transients by the EVs penetration as secondary power resource. In [52]- [53], authors have proposed smart grid regulation models for the ancillary services markets, the proposed strategy penetrates EVs and energy storage systems in the smart grid to enhance the reliability of the grid where renewables are the major power producers. These methods aim to reduces energy cost in peak hours as well as also generate profits for EV owners.…”

Robust PID Control of EV Aggregator for C-FCAS Using Sequential Multi-Objective Optimization

“…With the advancements in energy storage system (ESS) technology, including battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), ultra-capacitor energy storage (UCES), and the potential utilization of EVs as Energy Storage (EVES), these systems have the opportunity to play a significant role in grid operations [34], [35]. Although individual EVs may have limited storage capacity when managed by an aggregator, a fleet of EVs can collectively serve as a substantial energy storage resource for the grid [36], [37]. A typical modern power grid is depicted in Figure 1, and its high-level control block diagram is shown in Figure 2.…”

Airport Electrified Ground Support Equipment for Providing Ancillary Services to the Grid

“…The concept of V2G is that EVs can charge during off-peak hours and discharge power into the electric grid when power is required via a bidirectional power charger [13]. So, both of the power grid and the EV owners whom become active prosumers rather than being passive customer could make profits while the EVs are not in use [14]. The charging and discharging process of EVs should be optimally controlled to reduce the negative impacts on the power system [15].…”