Evacuation Dynamics of Children – Walking Speeds, Flows Through Doors in Daycare Centers

Larusdottir, Aldis Run; Dederichs, Anne

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9725-8_13

Cited by 27 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The impact of using different assistive devices was analysed and a decreased velocity was reported when participants used assistive devices. Larusdottir et al report the flow of children aged from 0 to 2 and 3 to 6 years through a narrowing corridor. They report a tendency to higher flows for children moving groups than the reference data for adults.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Velocity-density (top) and flow-density relationship (bottom) of pedestrian movement through a bottleneck considering pedestrians with disabilities compared with the frequently referenced fundamental diagrams by previous studies[10][11][12]113 (with f = 0.113 m 2 ). Empirical data are collected from publications by previous studies 32,78,83,98,[105][106][107][108]110. Data picked up with Web plot digitaliser by the authors from publication.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with reduced mobility

Geoerg

Berchtold

Gwynne³

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary To quantify the evacuation process, evacuation practitioners use engineering egress data describing the occupant movement characteristics. These data are typically based to young and fit populations. However, the movement abilities of occupants who might be involved in evacuations are becoming more variable—with the building populations of today typically including increasing numbers of individuals: with impairments or who are otherwise elderly or generally less mobile. Thus, there will be an increasing proportion of building occupants with reduced ability to egress. For safe evacuation, there is therefore a need to provide valid engineering egress data considering pedestrians with disabilities. Gwynne and Boyce recently compiled a series of data sets related to the evacuation process to support practitioner activities in the chapter Engineering Data in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. This paper supplements these data sets by providing information on and presenting data obtained from additional research related to the premovement and horizontal movement of participants with physical‐, cognitive‐, or age‐related disabilities. The aim is to provide an overview of currently available data sets related to, and key factors affecting the egress performance of, mixed ability populations which could be used to guide fire safety engineering decisions in the context of building design.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with reduced mobility

Geoerg

Berchtold

Gwynne³

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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“…However, information on this vulnerable part of the population is frequently neglected when it comes to collecting data and developing models for society. This is not only a problem when it comes to fire safety [2], but also in other areas such as medical studies [3][4][5], where it has consequences for estimating dosage and type of medication for children. When designing new buildings and applying performance-based codes it is important to have an understanding of human evacuation dynamics as well as having access to performance models which are valid for a broad population in order to reduce the risk of exposing occupants to critical conditions in case of fire.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evacuation of Children: Movement on Stairs and on Horizontal Plane

Larusdottir

Dederichs

2010

Fire Technol

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Little is known on the evacuation characteristics of children. Current literature on evacuation is mostly based on studies on adults. The aim of this study is to investigate the movement of children during evacuation, focusing on flow, densities and walking speeds. Ten Danish daycare centers participated in full scale evacuation experiments where two age groups 0 to 2 years and 3 to 6 years were analyzed separately. It was found that flow through doors, walking speeds and densities were age-dependent and differed strongly from the data in existing literature. The results showed higher walking speeds in spiral stairs when the children were familiar with the evacuation path. Higher person densities and faster flow through doors were obtained among the children than found in the current literature on adults. Children in the younger age group were generally slower than the older children. The children walked slower in horizontal plane than adults, however they were keen to run during the evacuations, in the latter case their travel speed increased and exceeded the adults'. Since the evacuation characteristics of children differ in many ways from those of adults, nowadays models badly comprehend the evacuation behavior of children.

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“…Furthermore, evacuation dynamics for specific groups within a crowd, such as children, people with reduced mobility and individuals with disabilities, have been scrutinized in terms of movement patterns, including walking speed, flow through doors and stairs, as well as density around exits, and panic behavior [3][4][5][6][7]. Formal crowd models have previously been found useful for off-line escape planning in large and complex buildings as well as industrial sites frequented by a significant number of people [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatio-temporal probabilistic model of hazard- and crowd dynamics for evacuation planning in disasters

et al. 2014

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Managing the uncertainties that arise in disasters-such as ship fire-can be extremely challenging. Previous work has typically focused either on modeling crowd behavior or hazard dynamics, targeting fully known environments. However, when a disaster strikes, uncertainty about the nature, extent and further development of the hazard is the rule rather than the exception. Additionally, crowd and hazard dynamics are both intertwined and uncertain, making evacuation planning extremely difficult. To address this challenge, we propose a novel spatio-temporal probabilistic model that integrates crowd with hazard dynamics, using a ship fire as a proof-of-concept scenario. The model is realized as a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN), supporting distinct kinds of crowd evacuation behavior-both descriptive and normative (optimal). Descriptive modeling is based on studies of physical fire models, crowd psychology models, and corresponding flow models, while we identify optimal behavior using Ant-Based Colony Optimization (ACO). Simulation results demonstrate that the DNB model allows us to track and forecast the movement of people until they escape, as the hazard develops from time step to time step. Furthermore, the ACO provides safe paths, dynamically responding to current threats.

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Evacuation Dynamics of Children – Walking Speeds, Flows Through Doors in Daycare Centers

Cited by 27 publications

References 6 publications

Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with reduced mobility

Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with reduced mobility

Evacuation of Children: Movement on Stairs and on Horizontal Plane

A spatio-temporal probabilistic model of hazard- and crowd dynamics for evacuation planning in disasters

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