Evaluating a novel gasoline surrogate containing isopentane using a rapid compression machine and an engine

Gaïl, Sandro; Cracknell, Roger; Corrigan, Dáire James; Festa, Andrea; Shankar, Varun; Poulet, Benoit; Lovett, Guy; Büttgen, René; Heufer, Karl Alexander; Mariconti, Roberto; Cucchi, Matteo; Berni, Fabio

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.103

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Fitting of such blends was carried out to the Andrae kinetics mechanism, and subsequent quasi-dimensional engine calculations showed good agreement with testing on a PFI single-cylinder engine at 1.6 bar manifold pressure. In 2020, Gail of Shell together with colleagues and collaborators at RWTH Aachen University and Ferrari compared an alternative surrogate formulation to premium RON 98 gasoline in an RCM and a high-performance GDI engine [357]. The surrogate was based on Toluene, n-Heptane, and Iso-Pentane (THIP).…”

Section: The 2010s: Aggressive Co 2 Targets Electrification and Downs...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Knock: A Century of Research

Corrigan¹,

Fontanesi²

2021

SAE Int. J. Engines

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Knock is one of the main limitations on increasing spark-ignition (SI) engine efficiency. This has been known for at least 100 years, and it is still the case today. Knock occurs when conditions ahead of the flame front in an SI engine result in one or more autoignition events in the end gas. The autoignition reaction rate is typically much higher than that of the flame-front propagation. This may lead to the creation of pressure waves in the combustion chamber and, hence, an undesirable noise that gives knock its name. The resulting increased mechanical and thermal loading on engine components may eventually lead to engine failure. Reducing the compression ratio lowers end-gas temperatures and pressures, reducing end-gas reactivity and, hence, mitigating knock. However, this has a detrimental effect on engine efficiency.Automotive companies must significantly reduce their fleet carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) values in the coming years to meet targets resulting from the 2015 Paris Agreement. One path towards meeting these is through partial or full electrification of the powertrain. However, the vast majority of automobiles in the near future will still feature a gasoline-fueled SI engine; hence, improvements in combustion engine efficiency remain fundamental.As knock has been a key limitation for so long, there is a huge amount of literature on the subject. A number of reviews on knock have already been published, including in recent years. These generally concentrate on current understanding and status. The present work, in contrast, aims to track the progress of research on knock from the 1920s right through to the present day. It is hoped that this can be a useful reference for new and existing researchers of the subject and give further weight to occasionally neglected historical activity, which can still provide important insights today.

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Section: The 2010s: Aggressive Co 2 Targets Electrification and Downs...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Knock: A Century of Research

Corrigan¹,

Fontanesi²

2021

SAE Int. J. Engines

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show abstract

“…However, gasoline often contains aromatic components that propagate at different speeds compared to alkanes, suggesting that using OH mixtures to model gasoline might introduce errors [2]. Toluene can be included to form a ternary mixture of iso-octane, n-heptane, and toluene (OHT in this study, also referred to as toluene reference fuel (TRF) or toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF)), which represents the combustion properties of aromatics [3,4]. However, compared to alkanes, toluene has a more complicated and diverse set of reaction pathways due to its structure; these involve more species and elementary reactions [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ethanol Addition on the Laminar Burning Velocity of Gasoline Surrogates With Toluene

Shankar

Fang

Hinton

et al. 2022

ASME 2022 ICE Forward Conference

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Laminar burning velocity (LBV) is a crucial parameter in many practical combustion simulations, and the acquisition of LBVs is a critical step for evaluating potential alternative fuels and/or suitable surrogates. Ethanol is regarded as one of the most promising alternative fuels, particularly for spark ignition engines, as it may be produced from renewable biomass. While there exists data showing the pressure dependence on ethanol’s LBV compared to iso-octane and n-heptane (primary reference fuels (PRFs)), the relative magnitude of the pressure dependence of LBV between ethanol and toluene has not been established. The inclusion of toluene is important because commercial gasoline has significant levels of aromatics. In this work, common gasoline surrogate components of iso-octane, n-heptane, toluene, and ethanol were studied as pure compounds and in equal volume binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures. Experiments are conducted in a spherical combustion bomb at elevated temperatures (380 K and 450 K) and pressures (1 to 4 bar). Under these conditions, ethanol and n-heptane present faster LBVs than iso-octane and toluene, particularly at 450 K. Ethanol and iso-octane present strong pressure dependence, with this effect accentuated at higher temperature conditions. As equal volume mixtures were studied, the effect of these distinct behaviours was examined in comparison to chemical kinetic predictions and widely used mixing rules.

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“…Isooctane, the surrogate of aviation kerosene, [24,25] was studied because of its low cost and wide existence in diesel. Many researchers [26][27][28] have conducted experiments to study the combustion process of isooctane, but few studies on reaction pathways and the combustion mechanism of isooctane with additives were reported at the atomic level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of n‐butanol and isomers on the combustion mechanisms of isooctane and coke formation based on ReaxFF simulation

et al. 2022

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Fuel additives play a significant role in enhancing the thermal stability of fuel combustion. The effect of additives on the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and the combustion performances of isooctane with three different isomer additives, (n‐butanol (1‐BuOH), diethyl ether (DEE), and 2‐butanol(2‐BuOH)), and additive‐free isooctane were explored by ReaxFF simulation in this work. The simulation system was heated to 3000 K at a heating rate of 10 K/ps and kept stable at 3000 K. A variety of combustion products (e.g., small gas molecules and C1‐C8 hydrocarbon compounds) in each system were analyzed, and the reaction paths were speculated based on the computed trajectory. The simulation results showed that the CC bond scission reaction dominated the combustion process of the three additives. All three additives promote the formation of toxic carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, while the pure DEE additive has the best inhibition effect on the formation of the coke precursor, C2H2, C3H4, and C3H6. The pure 1‐BuOH additive can shorten the initial reaction time of the reactants. The effects of DEE/1‐BuOH additive on the combustion of isooctane were investigated to obtain a desirable additive mixture with good performance. The expansion of the DEE proportion (80%/20% DEF/1‐BuOH) shows a slightly better coke (C3H4 and C3H6) reduction effect, while the inhibition effect is not as obvious as that of a pure DEE additive.

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Evaluating a novel gasoline surrogate containing isopentane using a rapid compression machine and an engine

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Knock: A Century of Research

Knock: A Century of Research

Effect of Ethanol Addition on the Laminar Burning Velocity of Gasoline Surrogates With Toluene

Influence of n‐butanol and isomers on the combustion mechanisms of isooctane and coke formation based on ReaxFF simulation

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