Evaluating particle-suspension reactor designs for Z-scheme solar water splittingviatransport and kinetic modeling

Abstract

Simulations of coupled light absorption, transport and kinetics processes in a tandem, vertically-stacked particle-suspension reactor design for solar-water splitting.

Fine Tuning Electronic Structure of Catalysts through Atomic Engineering for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution

“…[1][2][3] However, the production of hydrogen by the traditional gasification of coal or steam-methane reforming causes a significant increase in the emission of carbon dioxide, inducing detrimental climate change. [1][2][3] However, the production of hydrogen by the traditional gasification of coal or steam-methane reforming causes a significant increase in the emission of carbon dioxide, inducing detrimental climate change.…”

“…[41,42] Introducing electron-rich dopants, such as N (3.06), to downshift the density of empty d-bands in Mo 2 C is a variable approach to reduce MoH bond strength, enhancing its HER activity. It should be noted that using NH 3 as an N source, as in the previously reported strategy, is very limited since this doping strategy is uncontrolled, in which most of the N-doping happen only on the surface in a gas-solid diffusion reaction. It should be noted that using NH 3 as an N source, as in the previously reported strategy, is very limited since this doping strategy is uncontrolled, in which most of the N-doping happen only on the surface in a gas-solid diffusion reaction.…”

“…Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly energy carrier with a great potential to reduce our energy dependence on fossil fuels due to its high energy density and sustainability. [1][2][3] However, the production of hydrogen by the traditional gasification of coal or steam-methane reforming causes a significant increase in the emission of carbon dioxide, inducing detrimental climate change. [4,5] The direct electrochemical splitting of water has been considered to be an attractive alternative pathway to produce hydrogen.…”

“…[43] However, nitrogen-doping (N-doping) often intermixes into carbon matrix rather than intercalating into Mo 2 C active sites, [16,[44][45][46][47][48] and thus how to construct a controllable N-doping into Mo 2 C activation site still remains a great challenge. It should be noted that using NH 3 as an N source, as in the previously reported strategy, is very limited since this doping strategy is uncontrolled, in which most of the N-doping happen only on the surface in a gas-solid diffusion reaction. [21,49] Additionally, other An efficient, durable, and low-cost hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst is an essential requirement for practical hydrogen production.…”

A Step toward Economically Viable Solar Fuel Production

“…Alternatively, the separate evolution and collection of H 2 and O 2 can be facilitated by a dual-particle Z-scheme approach where charge transfer between the OEP and HEP is mediated by a redox couple (often called a redox shuttle). Although this approach is the leading conceptual design, 3 the demonstrated h STH of actual dual-particle Z-scheme systems is less than 1%, 4 which is far below the 10% needed for economic viability.…”