Evaluating the effectiveness of state specific lead-based paint hazard risk reduction laws in preventing recurring incidences of lead poisoning in children

Kennedy, Chinaro; Lordo, Robert A.; Sucosky, Marissa Scalia; Boehm, Rona; Brown, Mary Jean

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.09.009

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Although Pb exposure has declined in many parts of the world because of the removal of Pb additives from gasoline, exposure from industrial sources, such as Pb smelters, is a growing concern in urban areas, including Los Angeles (Johnston and Hricko 2017). Pb-based paint, which is still prevalent in older homes in the United States (Kennedy et al 2016), and certain imported food and spices, such as chili powder (Handley et al 2017;Hore et al 2019), may also contribute to exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Metal Mixtures and Birth Weight for Gestational Age in a Predominately Lower-Income Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles

Howe

Henn

Eckel

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

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BACKGROUND: Reduced fetal growth increases the risk for adverse health outcomes. Growing evidence suggests that metal exposures contribute to reduced fetal growth, but little is known about the effects of complex metal mixtures. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the impact of a complex mixture of metals on birth weight for gestational age (BW for GA) in the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors study, a predominately lower-income Hispanic pregnancy cohort in Los Angeles, California. METHODS: Cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), and thallium (Tl) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in maternal urine samples collected in early pregnancy (median GA: 13.1 wk). Speciated urinary arsenic (As) (inorganic+monomethyl+dimethyl As) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. Primary analyses focused on a mixture of seven metals that have previously been associated individually with fetal growth (i.e., As, Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb, Tl) (n = 262). In exploratory analyses, we additionally examined three metals that have been less studied in relation to fetal growth (i.e., Mo, Sb, Sn). Covariate-adjusted Bayesian kernel machine regression was used to investigate metal mixture associations with BW for GA z-scores. RESULTS: In primary analyses, Hg and Ni ranked highest as predictors of BW for GA. An inverse linear association was estimated for Hg, whereas a positive association was estimated for Ni at low-to-moderate concentrations. A potential interaction between Hg and Ni was also identified. In our exploratory analysis, Sb ranked highest as a predictor of BW for GA, followed by Hg and Ni. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in this understudied population, Hg may reduce fetal growth, whereas Ni may promote fetal growth. We also identified Sb as a potential metal of concern for this population, which merits additional investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Metal Mixtures and Birth Weight for Gestational Age in a Predominately Lower-Income Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles

Howe

Henn

Eckel

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

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“…This screening method uses children as "canaries in a coal mine" and identifies children after they have been exposed to Pb and the harm has been done. Unfortunately, these types of programs that focus on Pb paint hazard education and dust clean-up as the soil interventions to reduce Pb poisoning are not particularly effective on a community-wide scale, at least from an environmental health perspective (Kennedy et al, 2016;Yeoh et al, 2014). This ad hoc approach to community health protection is currently the dominant Pb poisoning prevention method even though the locations in inner city areas where the majority of the Pb poisoning cases occur are well known and re-occur (Leech et al, 2016).…”

Section: Primary Prevention Versus Secondary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination

Laidlaw

Filippelli

Brown

et al. 2017

Applied Geochemistry

141

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Urban soils in many communities in the United States and internationally have been contaminated by lead (Pb) from past use of lead additives in gasoline, deterioration of exterior paint, emissions from Pb smelters and battery recycling and other industries. Exposure to Pb in soil and related dust is widespread in many inner city areas. Up to 20e40% of urban children in some neighborhoods have blood lead levels (BLLs) equal to or above 5 mg per decilitre, the reference level of health concern by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Given the widespread nature of Pb contamination in urban soils it has proven a challenge to reduce exposure. In order to prevent this exposure, an evidence-based approach is required to isolate or remediate the soils and prevent children and adult's ongoing exposure. To date, the majority of community soil Pb remediation efforts have been focused in mining towns or in discrete neighborhoods where Pb smelters have impacted communities. These efforts have usually entailed very expensive dig and dump soil Pb remediation techniques, funded by the point source polluters. Remediating widespread non-point source urban soil contamination using this approach is neither economical nor feasible from a practical standpoint. Despite the need to remediate/isolate urban soils in inner city areas, no deliberate, large scale, cost effective Pb remediation schemes have been implemented to isolate inner city soils impacted from sources other than mines and smelters. However, a city-wide natural experiment of flooding in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina demonstrated that declines in soil Pb resulted in major BLL reductions. Also a growing body of literature of smaller scale pilot studies and programs does exist regarding low cost efforts to isolate Pb contaminated urban soils. This paper reviews the literature regarding the effectiveness of soil Pb remediation for reducing Pb exposure and BLL in children, and suggests best practices for addressing the epidemics of low-level Pb poisoning occurring in many inner city areas.

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“…Studies on the effectiveness of medical interventions have been reviewed by the Cochrane Collaboration [ 12 ]. A thorough evaluation of the effectiveness of education and household dust cleaning data from fourteen studies plus another study indicates that the common program of lead intervention is not effective [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Lead and Children’s Blood Lead Disparities in Pre- and Post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans (USA)

Mielke

Gonzales

Powell³

2017

IJERPH

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This study appraises New Orleans soil lead and children’s lead exposure before and ten years after Hurricane Katrina flooded the city. Introduction: Early childhood exposure to lead is associated with lifelong and multiple health, learning, and behavioral disorders. Lead exposure is an important factor hindering the long-term resilience and sustainability of communities. Lead exposure disproportionately affects low socioeconomic status of communities. No safe lead exposure is known and the common intervention is not effective. An essential responsibility of health practitioners is to develop an effective primary intervention. Methods: Pre- and post-Hurricane soil lead and children’s blood lead data were matched by census tract communities. Soil lead and blood lead data were described, mapped, blood lead graphed as a function of soil lead, and Multi-Response Permutation Procedures statistics established disparities. Results: Simultaneous decreases occurred in soil lead accompanied by an especially large decline in children’s blood lead 10 years after Hurricane Katrina. Exposure disparities still exist between children living in the interior and outer areas of the city. Conclusions: At the scale of a city, this study demonstrates that decreasing soil lead effectively reduces children’s blood lead. Primary prevention of lead exposure can be accomplished by reducing soil lead in the urban environment.

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Evaluating the effectiveness of state specific lead-based paint hazard risk reduction laws in preventing recurring incidences of lead poisoning in children

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

Prenatal Metal Mixtures and Birth Weight for Gestational Age in a Predominately Lower-Income Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles

Prenatal Metal Mixtures and Birth Weight for Gestational Age in a Predominately Lower-Income Hispanic Pregnancy Cohort in Los Angeles

Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination

Soil Lead and Children’s Blood Lead Disparities in Pre- and Post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans (USA)

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