Evaluating the technological evolution of battery electric buses: China as a case

Du, Jiuyu; Li, Feiqiang; Li, Jianqiu; Wu, Xiaogang; Song, Ziyou; Zou, Yecheng; Ouyang, Minggao

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.084

Cited by 57 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…All road transport segments show the same fundamental result: dominance of BEV, which is driven by high efficiency power trains, competitive fuel costs, declining GHG emissions, projected rapid cost decline of batteries and finally a lower level of complexity compared to ICE vehicles, leading to lower maintenance costs. The first road transport segment for which BEV is the least LCOM solution is BUS, which is indicated by the fast ramp-up of BUS BEV in China [146] and already full 100% BUS BEV penetration in Shenzhen [147,148]. Other world regions may follow quite soon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For BUS, the BEV option is already in 2015 slightly lower in LCOM than BUS ICE and BUS BEV remains the least LCOM option for BUS. This fundamental insight seems to be recognized in China, since there are by far the highest number of BUS BEV operating in China [146], with Shenzhen in the lead, at the end of 2017, all city buses have switched to the BUS BEV option [147,148]. The results for MDV reveal a similar dynamic as in BUS; however, this has not yet been observed in the market.…”

Section: Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

et al. 2019

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The pivotal target of the Paris Agreement is to keep temperature rise well below 2 °C above the pre-industrial level and pursue efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5 °C. To meet this target, all energy-consuming sectors, including the transport sector, need to be restructured. The transport sector accounted for 19% of the global final energy demand in 2015, of which the vast majority was supplied by fossil fuels (around 31,080 TWh). Fossil-fuel consumption leads to greenhouse gas emissions, which accounted for about 8260 MtCO2eq from the transport sector in 2015. This paper examines the transportation demand that can be expected and how alternative transportation technologies along with new sustainable energy sources can impact the energy demand and emissions trend in the transport sector until 2050. Battery-electric vehicles and fuel-cell electric vehicles are the two most promising technologies for the future on roads. Electric ships and airplanes for shorter distances and hydrogen-based synthetic fuels for longer distances may appear around 2030 onwards to reduce the emissions from the marine and aviation transport modes. The rail mode will remain the least energy-demanding, compared to other transport modes. An ambitious scenario for achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 is applied, also demonstrating the very high relevance of direct and indirect electrification of the transport sector. Fossil-fuel demand can be reduced to zero by 2050; however, the electricity demand is projected to rise from 125 TWhel in 2015 to about 51,610 TWhel in 2050, substantially driven by indirect electricity demand for the production of synthetic fuels. While the transportation demand roughly triples from 2015 to 2050, substantial efficiency gains enable an almost stable final energy demand for the transport sector, as a consequence of broad electrification. The overall well-to-wheel efficiency in the transport sector increases from 26% in 2015 to 39% in 2050, resulting in a respective reduction of overall losses from primary energy to mechanical energy in vehicles. Power-to-fuels needed mainly for marine and aviation transport is not a significant burden for overall transport sector efficiency. The primary energy base of the transport sector switches in the next decades from fossil resources to renewable electricity, driven by higher efficiency and sustainability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%

Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

et al. 2019

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“…Moreover, a large amount of diesel consumption has caused the global energy crisis. According to statistical data, the increase of twothirds of the petroleum consumption comes from transportation industries, which is extremely unfavorable to the sustainable development of human society [3,4]. Driven by the global emission reduction targets in the Paris Climate Agreement, new energy vehicles (NEVs) have become an important development direction of the automotive industry [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and Development of Electric Motor Systems and Electric Powertrains for New Energy Vehicles

et al. 2021

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This paper presents a review on the recent research and technical progress of electric motor systems and electric powertrains for new energy vehicles. Through the analysis and comparison of direct current motor, induction motor, and synchronous motor, it is found that permanent magnet synchronous motor has better overall performance; by comparison with converters with Si-based IGBTs, it is found converters with SiC MOSFETs show significantly higher efficiency and increase driving mileage per charge. In addition, the pros and cons of different control strategies and algorithms are demonstrated. Next, by comparing series, parallel, and power split hybrid powertrains, the series–parallel compound hybrid powertrains are found to provide better fuel economy. Different electric powertrains, hybrid powertrains, and range-extended electric systems are also detailed, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Finally, the technology roadmap over the next 15 years is proposed regarding traction motor, power electronic converter and electric powertrain as well as the key materials and components at each time frame.

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“…They can be an excellent alternative for fleets used in tertiary sector and by public administrations, with the purpose to reduce fuel costs, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions 5,6 . Some common concerns for the same have surfaced such as long charging time and limited battery capacity 7 . As a result, convenient charging has become a high priority to ensure a quick and smooth transition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 Some common concerns for the same have surfaced such as long charging time and limited battery capacity. 7 As a result, convenient charging has become a high priority to ensure a quick and smooth transition. Exclusive EV charging stations provide 10 times faster charging than an average domestic charger, therefore are crucial for the advancement of EVs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility analysis of a solar‐assisted electric vehicle charging station model considering differential pricing

et al. 2021

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Fossil‐fuel consumption has tremendously escalated in recent decades, resulting in a significant rise in harmful emissions, contributing to global warming and environmental contamination. Transportation sector is one of the major contributors to rising emission levels across the globe. The ever‐increasing vehicular count has made the development and deployment of eco‐friendly substitutes such as electric vehicles (EVs) imperative. Infrastructure development requiring a high investment becomes a major roadblock for the adoption of EVs. This work focuses on the much‐needed transition to EVs and proposes a design for specialized EV‐charging stations. Energy requirement for the proposed stations is partially met through rooftop photovoltaic plants. It also takes into consideration the present and future vehicular topology along with a differential pricing strategy adopted for effective load management. Three different categories of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) have been analyzed. Using the case for the state of Delhi in India, that houses over 10 million vehicles. A detailed techno‐economic analysis reveals that the proposed design yields a yearly profit of $63 680 and allows the charging stations to recover their setup costs in 2.5 years. Level‐2 EVSE with an output of 22 kW is most efficient and results in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 104 t.

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Evaluating the technological evolution of battery electric buses: China as a case

Cited by 57 publications

References 27 publications

Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

Review and Development of Electric Motor Systems and Electric Powertrains for New Energy Vehicles

Feasibility analysis of a solar‐assisted electric vehicle charging station model considering differential pricing

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