“…The literature indicates that mega-events are unique events that tend to have profound long-term effectsboth positive and negative-on host cities, which results in significant economic, cultural, and political impacts (Cho & Bairner, 2012;Dansero & Puttilli, 2010;Davies, 2012;Porter & Fletcher, 2008;Preuss & Solberg, 2006). These events can also promote the identity of a city or region on a global scale (Essex & Chalkley, 2010;Bull & Lovell, 2007;Chalip & Costa, 2005), shape world tourism standards (Fourie & Santana-Gallego, 2011), stimulate economic growth (Dwyer, Forsyth, & Spurr, 2004), build social capital (Gibson et al, 2014), and change the quality of life and well-being of residents (Kaplanidou, 2012;Kaplanidou et al, 2013).…”