Evaluating viral interference between Influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in chicken eggs

Abstract

BackgroundSimultaneous and sequential allantoic cavity inoculations of Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs with Influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) demonstrated that the interaction of AIV and NDV during co-infection was variable. Our research revisited the replication interference potential of AIV and NDV using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) for AIV and NDV to specifically detect the viral genomes in mixed infections.ResultsData from this survey showed that when different doses of NDV (Lasota or F48E8) and AIV (F98 or H5N1) were simultaneously inoculated into embryonating chicken eggs (ECE), interference with the growth of NDV occurred, while interference with the growth of AIV did not occur. When equal amount of the two viruses were sequentially employed, the degree of interference was dependent upon the time of superinfection and the virulence of virus.ConclusionAIV have a negative impact on NDV growth if they are inoculated simultaneously or sequentially and that the degree of interference depended upon the quantity and relative virulence of the virus strains used; however, interference with AIV was not observed. Only if NDV were inoculated at an earlier time will NDV able to interfere with the growth of AIV.

Virus interference between H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in experimental co-infections in chickens and turkeys

“…Co-infections of AIV and NDV have been studied in vitro using cell cultures or chicken embryos, and interference between these viruses has been reported, with one virus inhibiting the growth of the other [7,28-32]. …”

Temporal dynamics, diversity, and interplay in three components of the virodiversity of a Mallard population: Influenza A virus, avian paramyxovirus and avian coronavirus

“…IAV and APMV-1 utilize the a 2,3 sialic acid receptors on host cells, and may compete for host cell machinery during viral replication (Markwell, 1991). In lab studies, it has been demonstrated that there are limited synergistic or competition effects between IAV and APMV-1, but thus far studies have failed to provide a conclusive picture of the interactions at the host level (Franca et al, 2014;Ge et al, 2012;Tolf et al, 2013b). Regardless 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 4 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 5 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 2 5 6 2 1 Solid lines depict the mean prediction and dotted lines the 95% confidence interval of the predictions.…”

Experimental co-infections of domestic ducks with a virulent Newcastle disease virus and low or highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses

“…Even though these viruses co-circulate in poultry in many parts of the world and domestic ducks are considered reservoirs and source of these viruses for other poultry species, NDV and AIV co-infections in domestic ducks are not well understood. AIV and NDV co-infections have been studied in vitro using cell cultures or chicken embryos, and interference between these viruses has been demonstrated, with one virus inhibiting the growth of the other (Bang, 1949; Carr, 1960; Ge et al, 2012; Shortridge and King, 1983). Contrary to in vitro or in ovo settings, in vivo experiments examine the overall effect of co-infections by incorporating the complexity of the whole organism, including target cells and immune responses (Costa-Hurtado et al, 2014).…”