Evaluation and Reliability of Shape Grammars for Urban Planning and Network Design

Vitins, Basil J.; Axhausen, Kay W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15030-7_9

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Intersection capacity is calculated according to HCM (Transportation Research Board 2010). Road hierarchies are defined for roads within a given network according to a greedy algorithm (Vitins 2014).…”

Section: Network Design Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and evaluation of transportation network grammars for efficient planning applications

Vitins

Axhausen

2018

Des. Sci.

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Grammars, with their generic approach and broad application potential in many planning fields, are accepted as adaptable and efficient tools for design and planning applications, bridging design rules and technical planning requirements. This paper provides a formal introduction of grammars for effective consolidation and application, including a rule-based notation and required specification information. Two proposed grammar evaluation methods -based on technical planning knowledge and using recent computational development -foster understanding of a grammar's effects, often missing in other definitions. Knowledge gained enables efficient grammar rule application, e.g. in burgeoning planning software. This research focuses particularly on urban network design and road intersection grammars to validate proposed grammar evaluation methods. Results are specified in the proposed grammar notation with corresponding application specifications. Results generally show that network topology and intersection type choice both depend on transport mode characteristics and flow. Specifically, medium-dense gridiron networks are car-efficient in terms of travel costs and reliability at urban densities, when combined with high road and intersection capacities. Pedestrian networks ideally have higher intersection and road densities with lower capacities than car networks. Highly meshed networks improve overall travel cost efficiencies for all transport modes at various flow levels.

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Section: Network Design Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and evaluation of transportation network grammars for efficient planning applications

Vitins

Axhausen

2018

Des. Sci.

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“…e featureless plane is a square of either 2-by-2 or 3-by-3 km 2 with a grid network of 100m block size (400 or 900 blocks in total), similar to Yerra and Levinson (2005), Vitins et al (2013), andvan Nes (2003). e modeled multiway boulevard is situated in the center of the network, and has a high-capacity two-way center road and parallel minor one-way roads on both sides for access ( Figure 5(a)).…”

Section: Objective and Application Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape grammars overview and assessment for transport and urban design: Review, terminology, assessment, and application

Vitins

Axhausen²

2016

JTLU

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Shape grammars for urban design have attracted much interest in research and practice. Transport and urban planners increasingly deploy shape grammars, especially in simulations and procedural models. Shape grammars have multiple advantages due to their interdisciplinary and straightforward approach and low computational requirements. In addition, a rulebased design method and underlying fundamental research knowledge can potentially support future planning and design guidelines for handbooks and norms. However, little is known about the effectiveness of shape grammars in transport networks and urban environments. e proposed methodology aims at a future development of a robust and effective language for sustainable urban development. e theory of different fields is consolidated for a general grammar definition. Grammars require specified and corresponding objectives and application specifications for enhanced implementation. e proposed methodology for grammar rule assessment is based on elasticities to gain more insights in the effect of the rules. Elasticities allow comprehensive comparisons and verification between grammar rules. e paper reviews and highlights the key achievements and applications of shape grammars in cognate fields of science. Terminology sheds light on the definitions of most relevant terms including a general definition for grammar rules embedded in the language context. e paper differentiates methodological approaches in grammar design assessment and emphasizes a standardized approach for shape grammar definitions. e paper concludes with a detailed example for grammar rule assessment and potential future research.

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“…On the other side, part of the scientific community expresses concerns about the use of big data in scientific research [50,52], given the lack of a sound theory behind their use [38,39], the difficulty in choosing representative samples of data, the management issues, and the difficulty in integrating data from heterogeneous sources [40][41][42]. However, the challenges posed by these issues are also seen as the promising new frontiers in science [47,49,51].…”

Section: The Big Data Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 8 shows the urban sprawl as defined in the Attica region from 1988 to 2007 [49]. In the left part of the figure, the extent with years of the urban area in km 2 is provided, whereas in the right part of the figure, a depiction of the urban sprawl is provided as areas in red reflect additions to the urban web of Athens in the course of the years from 1988 to 2007.…”

Section: The Role Of Spatial Planning In Strengthening Urban Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second approach is applied in the following, and therefore, artificially designed networks are required for evaluations. For this purpose, a network design algorithm is applied, as described in [49,50]. The algorithm deals with the nonlinear road assignment and complexity of the road network graph and therefore implements an integrated genetic and ant colony algorithm.…”

Section: Optimized Network (Study Design 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Future City Architecture for Optimal Living

Rassia

Pardalos

2014

Springer Optimization and Its Applications

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Aims and ScopeOptimization has been expanding in all directions at an astonishing rate during the last few decades. New algorithmic and theoretical techniques have been developed, the diffusion into other disciplines has proceeded at a rapid pace, and our knowledge of all aspects of the field has grown even more profound. At the same time, one of the most striking trends in optimization is the constantly increasing emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of the field. Optimization has been a basic tool in all areas of applied mathematics, engineering, medicine, economics, and other sciences.The series Springer Optimization and Its Applications publishes undergraduate and graduate textbooks, monographs and state-of-the-art expository work that focus on algorithms for solving optimization problems and also study applications involving such problems. Some of the topics covered include nonlinear optimization (convex and nonconvex), network flow problems, stochastic optimization, optimal control, discrete optimization, multi-objective programming, description of software packages, approximation techniques and heuristic approaches. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) PrefaceFuture City Architecture for Optimal Living presents a unique interdisciplinary combination of architecture, engineering, physics, and related fields in strategic planning, thinking, and designing future cities as livable urbanized environments.Cities in the words of Geoffrey West are "the crucible of civilization." In our belief, cities and their development can provide an impact on future ways of living as they can transform our lifestyles through a wide network of attributes. By combining together a variety of disciplines, this book presents new ideas and research practices on a variety of topics related to architecture and interdisciplinary mathematical th...

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Evaluation and Reliability of Shape Grammars for Urban Planning and Network Design

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Extraction and evaluation of transportation network grammars for efficient planning applications

Extraction and evaluation of transportation network grammars for efficient planning applications

Shape grammars overview and assessment for transport and urban design: Review, terminology, assessment, and application

Future City Architecture for Optimal Living

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