Evaluation of Agreement Between Numerical Rating Scales, Visual Analogue Scoring Scales, and Force Plate Gait Analysis in Dogs

Quinn, Margaret; Keuler, Nicholas S.; Lu, Yan; Faria, Maria L. E.; Muir, Peter; Markel, Mark D.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00276.x

Cited by 191 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Visual lameness detection suffers from clear limitations when conditions are mild (Keegan, 2007;Quinn et al, 2007), therefore biomechanical methods could have a potential to mitigate against this. The step-to-stride length ratio in the current study was the only parameter unchanged over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal gait development and variability of growing pigs reared on three different floor types

Stavrakakis

Guy

Warlow

et al. 2014

Animal

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Biomechanical investigation into locomotor pathology in commercial pigs is lacking despite this being a major concern for the industry. Different floor types are used in modern, intensive pig production systems at different stages of the pigs' production cycle. The general perception holds that slatted and/or hard solid concrete surfaces are inferior to soft straw-covered floors regarding healthy musculoskeletal development. Previous studies have compared pigs housed on different floor types using clinical, subjective assessment of leg weakness and lameness. However, reliability studies generally report a low repeatability of clinical lameness scoring. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the long-term effect of pen floors, reflected in the biomechanical gait characteristics and associated welfare of the pigs. A cohort of 24 pigs housed on one of three different floor types was followed from 37 to 90 kg average liveweight, with gait analysis (motion capture) starting at 63 kg. The three floor types were fully slatted concrete, partly slatted concrete and deep straw-bedded surfaces, all located within the same building. Pigs underwent five repeated camera-based motion captures, 7 to 10 days apart, during which 3D coordinate data of reflective skin markers attached to leg anatomical landmarks were collected. Pigs walked on the same solid concrete walkway during captures. One-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyse the gait data. Results revealed changes over time in the spatiotemporal gait pattern which were similar in magnitude and direction for the pigs from different floor types. Significant increases in elbow joint flexion with age were observed in all pigs (P ⩽ 0.050; +6°). There were few differences between floor groups, except for the step-to-stride ratio in the hind legs being more irregular in pigs housed on partly slatted floors (P = 0.012; 3.6 times higher s.d.) compared with those on 5 to 10 cm straw-bedding in all pen areas. As the level of clinical problems was generally low in this cohort, it may be that floors elicit problems only when there is a primary predisposing factor increasing weakness in susceptible tissues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several repeatability studies reported unfavourable results for subjective lameness assessment (Petersen et al, 2004;Quinn et al, 2007;Waxman et al, 2008). This may be expected to be worse in on-farm situations where individual pig assessment is impeded within a pen with other pigs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal gait development and variability of growing pigs reared on three different floor types

Stavrakakis

Guy

Warlow

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…In humans undergoing total knee arthroplasty, weight bearing and limb use (kneeling, stair climbing, and squatting) are used as measures of limb function. 25 In dogs, subjective numeric rating scales and force-plate gait analysis have been used to evaluate limb function 42,43 in addition to evaluation of pain. 13,29 If unilateral CrCL rupture is the only orthopedic problem affecting a dog, lameness observed in the postoperative period after TPLO is directly related to the pain and inflammation caused by surgical trauma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cold compression therapy on postoperative pain, swelling, range of motion, and lameness after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs

Drygas¹,

McClure²,

Goring³

et al. 2011

javma

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Objective—To evaluate the effect of cold compression therapy (CCT) on postoperative pain, lameness, range of motion of the stifle joint, and swelling following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs. Design—Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Animals—34 client-owned dogs with unilateral deficiency of a cranial cruciate ligament undergoing TPLO. Procedures—Dogs were assigned to 2 groups. Group 1 (n = 17 dogs) received CCT in the 24-hour period following TPLO. Group 2 (n = 17 dogs) received no CCT. Degree of lameness, range of motion, and circumference of the stifle joint were measured before surgery and 1,14, and 28 days after surgery. A modified composite Glasgow pain scale, visual analogue scale, and pain threshold score were used to evaluate signs of pain before surgery and 1,14, and 28 days after surgery. Logistic regression and linear regression analysis were used to compare the measured variables. Results—No complications were observed, and all dogs tolerated CCT. Use of CCT resulted in lower values for the visual analogue scale and Glasgow pain scale and lower pain threshold scores; lower lameness scores; less swelling; and an increased range of motion 24 hours after surgery. At 14 days after surgery, there were no significant differences between groups. At 28 days after surgery, too few data sets were available for comparison. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CCT decreased signs of pain, swelling, and lameness and increased stifle joint range of motion in dogs during the first 24 hours after TPLO.

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“…point in time. Subjective lameness detection systems are designed to categorize lameness expressed while the animal is walking and have been developed for cows (Manson and Leaver, 1988), dogs (Quinn et al, 2007), sheep (Welsh et al, 1993;Kaler et al 2009), horses (Keegan et al, 2010) and finishing pigs (Rothschild and Christian, 1988;Main et al, 2000). The scoring systems used in the livestock industries have been implemented so that caretakers can quickly and affordably quantify lameness prevalence in the herd on any particular day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sow lameness was scored using a visual analog scale (Quinn et al, 2007). Scorers were asked to indicate degree of sow lameness on a 10 cm line with 0 cm being completely sound with no lameness indications or signs and 10 cm being completely lame and non-weight bearing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using classification trees to detect induced sow lameness with a transient model

Abell

Johnson²,

Karriker³

et al. 2014

Animal

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Feet and legs issues are some of the main causes for sow removal in the US swine industry. More timely lameness detection among breeding herd females will allow better treatment decisions and outcomes. Producers will be able to treat lame females before the problem becomes too severe and cull females while they still have salvage value. The objective of this study was to compare the predictive abilities and accuracies of weight distribution and gait measures relative to each other and to a visual lameness detection method when detecting induced lameness among multiparous sows. Developing an objective lameness diagnosis algorithm will benefit animals, producers and scientists in timely and effective identification of lame individuals as well as aid producers in their efforts to decrease herd lameness by selecting animals that are less prone to become lame. In the early stages of lameness, weight distribution and gait are impacted. Lameness was chemically induced for a short time period in 24 multiparous sows and their weight distribution and walking gait were measured in the days following lameness induction. A linear mixed model was used to determine differences between measurements collected from day to day. Using a classification tree analysis, it was determined that the mean weight being placed on each leg was the most predictive measurement when determining whether the leg was sound or lame. The classification tree's predictive ability decreased as the number of days post-lameness induction increased. The weight distribution measurements had a greater predictive ability compared with the gait measurements. The error rates associated with the weight distribution trees were 29.2% and 31.3% at 6 days post-lameness induction for front and rear injected feet, respectively. For the gait classification trees, the error rates were 60.9% and 29.8% at 6 days post-lameness induction for front and rear injected feet, respectively. More timely lameness detection can improve sow lifetime productivity as well as animal welfare.

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Evaluation of Agreement Between Numerical Rating Scales, Visual Analogue Scoring Scales, and Force Plate Gait Analysis in Dogs

Abstract: Subjective lameness scoring scales may not accurately reflect lameness and do not replace force plate gait analysis. Observers must stay the same during the duration of a study for accurate analyses.

Cited by 191 publications

References 23 publications

Longitudinal gait development and variability of growing pigs reared on three different floor types

Longitudinal gait development and variability of growing pigs reared on three different floor types

Effect of cold compression therapy on postoperative pain, swelling, range of motion, and lameness after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs

Using classification trees to detect induced sow lameness with a transient model

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