Evaluation of Correction Algorithms for Sentinel-2 Images Implemented in Google Earth Engine for Use in Land Cover Classification in Northern Spain

Abstract

This study examined the effect of atmospheric, topographic, and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) corrections of Sentinel-2 images implemented in Google Earth Engine (GEE) for use in land cover classification. The study was carried out in an area of complex orography in northern Spain and made use of the Spanish National Forest Inventory plots and other systematically located plots to cover non-forest classes. A total of 2991 photo-interpreted ground plots and 15 Sentinel-2 images, acquired in summer at a spatial resolution of 10–20 m per pixel, were used for this purpose. The overall goal was to determine the optimal level of image correction in GEE for subsequent use in time series analysis of images for accurate forest cover classification. Particular attention was given to the classification of cover by the major commercial forest species: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus nitens, Pinus pinaster, and Pinus radiata. The Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (Py6S) algorithm, used for atmospheric correction, provided the best compromise between execution time and image size, in comparison with other algorithms such as Sentinel-2 Level 2A Processor (Sen2Cor) and Sensor Invariant Atmospheric Correction (SIAC). To correct the topographic effect, we tested the modified Sun-canopy-sensor topographic correction (SCS + C) algorithm with digital elevation models (DEMs) of three different spatial resolutions (90, 30, and 10 m per pixel). The combination of Py6S, the SCS + C algorithm and the high-spatial resolution DEM (10 m per pixel) yielded the greatest precision, which demonstrated the need to match the pixel size of the image and the spatial resolution of the DEM used for topographic correction. We used the Ross-Thick/Li-Sparse-Reciprocal BRDF to correct the variation in reflectivity captured by the sensor. The BRDF corrections did not significantly improve the accuracy of the land cover classification with the Sentinel-2 images acquired in summer; however, we retained this correction for subsequent time series analysis of the images, as we expected it to be of much greater importance in images with larger solar incidence angles. Our final proposed dataset, with image correction for atmospheric (Py6S), topographic (SCS + C), and BRDF (Ross-Thick/Li-Sparse-Reciprocal BRDF) effects and a DEM of spatial resolution 10 m per pixel, yielded better goodness-of-fit statistics than other datasets available in the GEE catalogue. The Sentinel-2 images currently available in GEE are therefore not the most accurate for constructing land cover classification maps in areas with complex orography, such as northern Spain.