“…In the current PNEI studies, mainly seven biomarkers falling under the categories of hormones, immune substances, proteins and enzymes; Immunoglobulin A (IgA), cortisol, human Chromogranin A (CgA), alpha-amylase, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and testosterone (TE), has been frequently employed (Deguchi, 2006;Bosch, 2002;Michael, 2000;Nakane, 1999;Kirschbaum, 1994). IgA, CgA, and amylase are considered to reflect SAM activation, and cortisol, DHEA, DHEA-S, and TE are considered to reflect HPA activation.…”