Evaluation of effects of a green wall as a sustainable approach on reducing energy use in temperate and humid areas

Karimi, Kimia; Farrokhzad, Mohammad; Roshan, Gholamreza; Aghdasi, Mahnaz

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112014

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In particular, when used in a vertical area 20 times larger than the horizontal area, stable adhesion between the substrate and the plant is required. [ 49,50 ] Racomitum canescens showed stable adhesion properties on the NC hydrogel surface in the horizontal and vertical directions (Figure 6d,e). The hydrogel adhesion of bryophyte in the vertical direction was stronger than its own weight and gravity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[42] The integration of green walls into modern society has various effects, such as reducing the urban heat island effect, saving electrical energy, reducing city noise, reducing CO 2 generation rate, and removing fine dust. [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] However, a thick layer of soil or artificial substrate for planting plants and a structure to support this layer are problematic requirements for green walls. In our experiment, hydrogel was attached to the concrete, and the rhizoid of bryophyte was rooted in the hydrogel without soil or any facilities (Figure 6a,c).…”

Section: Nc Hydrogel-fouling Properties Of Bryophytementioning

confidence: 99%

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Spray Coating of Nanosilicate‐Based Hydrogel on Concrete

Kim

Han

Rhie

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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superior properties of the substrate (e.g., strength, stiffness, and toughness). [2] This has allowed for applications in new fields, such as in engineering and medicine. [1,3] Such new applications include coatings of antifouling-antimicrobial hydrogels for infection prevention, [4] hydrogel adhesion to metal substrates for marine antifouling, [5] coatings of mechanically matched hydrogels to improve the biocompatibility of neural implants, [6] chemical-sensing hydrogel interferometerbased sensing platforms, [7] and glass fiber hydrogel coatings for selective oil-water separation. [8] Hydrogel coatings can be also applied to concrete materials. Concrete is widely used as a building material due to its low cost, high strength, good durability, plasticity, and versatility. [9][10][11] However, concrete structures are vulnerable to corrosion and weathering by the external environment (freezing, acid rain, etc.) due to their hydrophilicity and porous structure. [10] Many researchers have put substantial effort into fixing concrete damage. Xu et al. coated concrete with a colorful superhydrophobic material. [10] The coated concrete had enhanced anti-icing, anticorrosion, and self-cleaning properties. Song et al. coated concrete with microcapsules containing a healing agent to prevent the deterioration of the concrete. [12] In addition, because of the excellent properties of concrete, many concrete structures have been built in urban areas. This has caused environmental problems such as high energy consumption in city centers, global warming caused by refrigerants in cooling equipment, ozone layer depletion, urban heat island phenomenon, and poor indoor air quality. [13] Feng et al., [13] Cui et al., [14] and Rotzetter et al. [15] stated there may be an energy saving effect by cooling buildings using the evaporation heat of hydrogel. Since concrete structures and the external environment are interconnected, research to address the issues with concrete structures is urgently needed. In particular, in light of numerous studies, hydrogels are considered a promising material to solve the problem between the concrete and the environment.In our previous study, we developed a NC hydrogel that strongly adheres to concrete. [16] In general, for strong adhesion between the hydrogel and the substrate, surface modification of the substrate and the formation of a primer layer are essential. [17,18] On the other hand, nanosilicate-based hydrogels have excellent coating durability without pretreatment due to the following factors: (1) NC hydrogel adheres to concrete by chemical reaction between nanosilicate and portlandite. [19] Hydrogels can be coated on various substrates to add a variety of functions to the substrates. In this study, hydrogel is coated on concrete that widely used as a building material. In general, in order to coat hydrogel on concrete, a prior process such as surface modification or primer layer coating is essential. However, this process is time consuming and requires the use of toxic chemicals. In this study,...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nc Hydrogel-fouling Properties Of Bryophytementioning

confidence: 99%

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Spray Coating of Nanosilicate‐Based Hydrogel on Concrete

Kim

Han

Rhie

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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“…When considering facilities with other intended uses, the window-to-wall ratio becomes a non-negligible factor capable of deeply influencing the energy loads and greenery effectiveness, as assessed by Poddar et al [61]. Moreover other researchers highlight that regularity of building volumes and the simplicity of the internal room distributions, typical in case of industrial facilities, are enhancing factors for the effectiveness of green walls, in tackling the energy demand [62]. Considering the specific case of an industrial urban district, green walls allow also to maintain, at the same time, adequate loading/unloading areas and maneuvering external spaces because of the limited space requirements for their installation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimentation of Mitigation Strategies to Contrast the Urban Heat Island Effect: A Case Study of an Industrial District in Italy to Implement Environmental Codes

et al. 2022

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The European goals to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 40% by 2030 and reach carbon neutrality by2050 cannot ignore the building sector, that accounts for 27% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In the context of the sustainable development goals, it is a key point to consider the reduction of the heat island effect in the urban environment. Considering this background and the proven absence of the clear promotion of urban mitigation measures, the research aims at investigating the influence on several micro-climate parameters of different retrofitting strategies at the building level (green façades) and the cooling strategies at the urban scale (e.g., cool pavements, trees). As a case study, the application of these measures in an industrial district located in Italy is evaluated. ENVI-met software was adopted to perform the outdoor environmental simulations, in order to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation strategies proposed, considering both the whole district and a portion, focusing on urban canyons. Cool pavements proved to be the most promising strategy to both reduce the air temperature and increase the relative humidity. Slighter effects on environmental conditions can be achieved by planting trees and installing green walls that, by contrast, significantly affect the mean radiant temperature and buildings’ surface temperatures, respectively.

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“…18,19 Green walls can add benefits to energy performance and microclimate mitigation in urban areas, 20,21 and green living walls improve indoor comfort by regulating the temperature, 22,23 so reducing energy needs. The other important benefits of using green living wall applications are economic, social, and environmental in that they reduce greenhouse gases, 24,25 improve air quality, 26 save energy through insulation, 27 and enhance the overall architecture of the buildings. Living green wall systems can provide personal and social benefits in urban areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally regulated green living wall

Gouws

2022

S.Afr.j.chem.

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Green living walls can improve the aesthetic quality of a building and moderate the temperature within it. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the green wall has any effect on the interior temperature of the building in the hot and cold months of the year. Temperatures on an outside wall as well as on research and control areas were monitored to capture temperature data for a one-year period that encompassed all seasons: sunny, cold and wet. The findings of this research contribute to the knowledge of the effects provided by green living walls in terms of cooling and heating, the influence on the proximity microclimatic conditions, and overall energy transfer. Heat flux of 20-100 W/m2 was found indicating an insulating effect that brings about cooling in the interior of the building. During summer months a cooling effect of 2-4 °C was observed, while the opposite effect was observed during winter in that the temperatures did not drop by much but provide a insulating effect of 2-3 °C higher than it was for the control area. Altogether, green living walls could be implemented to reduce and insulating interior living conditions and therefore reduce building energy demands.

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Evaluation of effects of a green wall as a sustainable approach on reducing energy use in temperate and humid areas

Cited by 32 publications

References 46 publications

Spray Coating of Nanosilicate‐Based Hydrogel on Concrete

Spray Coating of Nanosilicate‐Based Hydrogel on Concrete

Experimentation of Mitigation Strategies to Contrast the Urban Heat Island Effect: A Case Study of an Industrial District in Italy to Implement Environmental Codes

Thermally regulated green living wall

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