Evaluation of Five Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and an Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test for Detection of Antibodies to Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Brinkhof, J.; Maanen, C. van

doi:10.1128/cvi.00282-06

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Competitive ELISA methods (cELISA CAEV of VMRD Inc. Pullman, WA) [184,185] using monoclonal antibodies to viral envelope protein (ENV-SU, gp135) epitopes have been developed [186] and indirect ELISAs have been frequently applied [187,188], although few of them have been compared internationally for both sheep and goats [189,190,191]. Currently available indirect standard ELISAs are used in different formats and designs.…”

Section: In Vitro Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis

Ramírez

Reina

Amorena

et al. 2013

Viruses

126

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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays.

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Section: In Vitro Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis

Ramírez

Reina

Amorena

et al. 2013

Viruses

126

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“…Prevalence of SRLVs often reaches 100% among infected flocks [9,73,74,75,76]. Without the availability of robust diagnosis tools and an efficient vaccine eradication of disease and virus often fails [68,69,70].…”

Section: Aspects Of Srlvs Emergence In Wildlife Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range

Cruz

Singh

Lamara

et al. 2013

Viruses

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Zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), the two major viruses that cause AIDS in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. The genus includes arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), and a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting goat and sheep. Lentivirus genome integrates into the host DNA, causing persistent infection associated with a remarkable diversity during viral replication. Direct evidence of mixed infections with these two closely related SRLVs was found in both sheep and goats. The evidence of a genetic continuum with caprine and ovine field isolates demonstrates the absence of an efficient species barrier preventing cross-species transmission. In dual-infected animals, persistent infections with both CAEV and MVV have been described, and viral chimeras have been detected. This not only complicates animal trade between countries but favors the risk that highly pathogenic variants may emerge as has already been observed in the past in Iceland and, more recently, in outbreaks with virulent strains in Spain. SRLVs affecting wildlife have already been identified, demonstrating the existence of emergent viruses adapted to new hosts. Viruses adapted to wildlife ruminants may acquire novel biopathological properties which may endanger not only the new host species but also domestic ruminants and humans. SRLVs infecting sheep and goats follow a genomic evolution similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Lentivirus genetic diversity and host factors leading to the establishment of naturally occurring virulent versus avirulent infections, in addition to the emergence of new strains, challenge every aspect of SRLV control measures for providing efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.

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“…Os resultados alcançados devem ser interpretados de forma cautelosa, pois é importante salientar que a probabilidade de ocorrência de falso-negativos é maior do que a de falso-positivos em decorrência da alta especificidade da técnica (OIE, 2008) e da sensibilidade menor quando comparada à de outros testes de triagem, como o ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) (BRINKHOF; VAN MAANEN, 2007). Entretanto, como se trata de análise de rebanhos, o teste apresenta bons resultados na detecção de soropositivos.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Investigação sorológica das lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes nas microrregiões homogêneas do Alto Médio Canindé, Picos e Floriano, Piauí, Brasil

et al. 2017

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RESUMO: Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LV) é o termo genérico utilizado para designar os vírus da artrite encefalite caprina e Maedi-Visna, os quais pertencem à família Retroviridae, subfamília Orthoretrovirinae, gênero Lentivirus. Tais vírus infectam caprinos e ovinos, causando enfermidades de curso lento com lesões inflamatórias, crônicas e degenerativas que podem atingir vários órgãos, provocando caquexia e morte. Os animais infectados eliminam o vírus sobretudo por meio de secreções e excreções e transmitem-no especialmente em situações de estreito contato. Não há tratamento até o momento. O controle é baseado na criação segregada, no manejo e no sacrifício dos positivos. Esse agente infeccioso já foi relatado em várias partes do mundo, sendo responsável por perdas econômicas significativas. Por o agente ter sido verificado em vários estados do Brasil e por não existirem dados soroepidemiológicos nas mesorregiões sudeste e sudoeste piauiense, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar inquérito sorológico para investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos para o LV em ovinos e caprinos nas microrregiões do Alto Médio Canindé, Picos e Floriano, no Piauí. Para tanto, foram coletadas 1.280 e 1.360 amostras de soro caprino e ovino, respectivamente, oriundos de 20 municípios, distribuídos nas três microrregiões, sendo o número de amostras proporcional ao rebanho efetivo de cada município. As amostras de soro foram analisadas utilizando o teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA). Nenhum dos soros pesquisados reagiu positivamente, constatando-se soroprevalência nula. Ressalta-se a importância da implantação de um rigoroso programa de controle para que se possa evitar a introdução e/ou a disseminação desse agente infeccioso nessas microrregiões.

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Evaluation of Five Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and an Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test for Detection of Antibodies to Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Cited by 43 publications

References 20 publications

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range

Investigação sorológica das lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes nas microrregiões homogêneas do Alto Médio Canindé, Picos e Floriano, Piauí, Brasil

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