Evaluation of Gravimetric Method to Measure Light-Duty Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions at Levels below One Milligram per Mile (1 mg/mile)

Hu, Shaohua; Zhang, Suiyun; Sardar, Satya; Chen, Shiyan; Dzhema, Inna; Huang, Sampson C.; Quiros, David; Sun, Huaiwei; Laroo, Christopher A.; Sanchez, L. James; Knox, Watson, James; Chang, Ming; Huai, Tao; Ayala, Alberto

doi:10.4271/2014-01-1571

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Figure 2 shows that when comparing emissions variability for individual vehicles, there is no clear trend that one metric is better than another for either test cycle. The result agrees with prior findings that much of the variability is due to vehicle and driver (Kamboures et al, 2013;Hu et al, 2014;Kamboures et al, 2015;Quiros et al, 2015). As previously mentioned, the range of PM mass emissions are distinct for different engine technologies.…”

Section: Emissions Variabilitysupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Each test cell is equipped with a 48-inch single-roll electric chassis dynamometer, a constant-volume sampler (CVS), and one or more PM 2.5 sampling systems that meet requirements defined by 40 CFR Part 1065/1066. A more detailed description of the test cells, typical test procedures, and the test cell reproducibility can be found in Hu et al (2014).…”

Section: Emission Testing Vehicle Cycle and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gravimetric analysis for PM samples is conducted in a temperature-and dew-point-controlled cleanroom, with an automated filter weighing system (FWS; MTL, Minneapolis, MN) equipped with a seven-decimal microbalance (Mettler Toledo, Inc., Columbus, OH). The PM gravimetric analyses meet the requirements in 40 CFR Part 1066, and details of gravimetric analysis and filter media handling can be found elsewhere (Zhang and McMahon, 2012;Hu et al, 2014;Sardar et al, 2016). SPN and BC were also drawn from the CVS tunnel, near where the PM mass samples were drawn.…”

Section: Instrumentation and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the adoption of the LEV III standards, CARB began confirming the feasibility of measuring PM emissions below the 1-mg/mile standard using the existing filter-based gravimetric test method (Hu et al, 2014;Sardar et al, 2016). This effort focused on quantifying uncertainties in gravimetric analysis and determining measurement precision of PM sampling, relative to vehicle repeatability and lab reproducibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of solid particle number and black carbon for very low particulate matter emissions standards in light-duty vehicles

Chang

Shields

2017

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Solid particle number and black carbon were suggested in place of PM mass for the California LEV III 1-mg/mile FTP standard. Their equivalence, proportionality, and emission variability in comparison to PM mass, based on a large light-duty vehicle fleet examined, are dependent on engine technologies and driving cycles. Such empirical derived correlations exhibit the limitation of using these metrics for enforcement and certification standards as vehicle combustion and after-treatment technologies advance.

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Section: Emissions Variabilitysupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Emission Testing Vehicle Cycle and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumentation and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaluation of solid particle number and black carbon for very low particulate matter emissions standards in light-duty vehicles

Chang

Shields

2017

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…The measurements on the PFI vehicle was conducted in the CARB Haagen-Smit Laboratory (HSL) located in El Monte, CA. Details regarding the HSL setup and configuration for the light-duty testing laboratory can be found in Hu et al (2014) and Quiros et al (2015a). Table 1 lists the six testing configurations and specifications evaluated in this study.…”

Section: Laboratory Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Vehicle Exhaust Particle Size Distributions Measured by SMPS and EEPS During Steady-State Conditions

Xue

Wang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Fast-sizing spectrometers, such as the TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS), have been widely used to measure transient particle size distributions of vehicle exhaust. Recently, size distributions measured during different test cycles have begun to be used for calculating suspended particulate mass; however, several recent evaluations have shown some deficiencies in this approach and discrepancies relative to the gravimetric reference method. The EEPS converts electrical charge carried by particles into size distributions based on mobility classification and a specific calibration, and TSI recently released a matrix optimized for vehicle emissions as described by Wang et al. (Submitteda). This study evaluates the performance of the new matrix (soot matrix) relative to the original matrix (default matrix) and reference size distributions measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Steady-state particle size distributions were generated from the following five sources to evaluate exhaust particulates with various morphologies estimated by mass-mobility scaling exponent: (1) A diesel generator operating on ultralow sulfur diesel, (2) a diesel generator operating on biodiesel, (3) a gasoline direct-injection vehicle operating at two speeds, (4) a conventional port-fuel injection gasoline vehicle, and (4) a light-duty diesel (LDD) vehicle equipped with a diesel particulate filter. Generally, the new soot matrix achieved much better agreement with the SMPS reference for particles smaller than 30 nm and larger than 100 nm, and also broadened the accumulation mode distribution that was previously too narrow using the default matrix. However, EEPS distributions still did not agree with SMPS reference measurements when challenged by a strong nucleation mode during high-load operation of the LDD vehicle. This work quantifies the range of accuracy that can be expected when measuring particle size distribution, number concentration, and integrated particle mass of vehicle emissions when using the new static calibration derived based on the properties of classical diesel soot.

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Particle and VOC Emissions from Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and Correlation Between Particle Number and Mass Emissions

Inomata

Tanimoto

2017

Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.

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Evaluation of Gravimetric Method to Measure Light-Duty Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions at Levels below One Milligram per Mile (1 mg/mile)

Cited by 27 publications

References 4 publications

Evaluation of solid particle number and black carbon for very low particulate matter emissions standards in light-duty vehicles

Evaluation of solid particle number and black carbon for very low particulate matter emissions standards in light-duty vehicles

Comparison of Vehicle Exhaust Particle Size Distributions Measured by SMPS and EEPS During Steady-State Conditions

Particle and VOC Emissions from Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and Correlation Between Particle Number and Mass Emissions

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