Evaluation of Measurement Procedures for Solid Particle Number (SPN) Measurements during the Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI) of Vehicles

Melas, Anastasios; Selleri, Tommaso; Suarez-Bertoa, Ricardo; Giechaskiel, Barouch

doi:10.3390/ijerph19137602

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…When urea was injected, the concentration was 0.5 × 10 4 to 1.4 × 10 4 #/cm 3 (for SPN 10 : 1.2 × 10 4 to 2.5 × 10 4 #/cm 3 ). The concentrations were well below solid particle number (SPN) PTI limits that will be employed for light-duty vehicles in different European countries; 2.5 × 10 5 #/cm 3 in Germany and 1 × 10 6 #/cm 3 in Netherlands and Belgium [43]. The engine out emissions were 4.5 × 10 6 #/cm 3 .…”

Section: Maximum Load (Passive Regeneration)mentioning

confidence: 80%

Assessment of a Euro VI Step E Heavy-Duty Vehicle’s Aftertreatment System

et al. 2022

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The latest generation of heavy-duty vehicles (Euro VI step E) have to respect low emission limits both in the laboratory and on the road. The most challenging pollutants for diesel vehicles are NOx and particles; nevertheless, NH3 and N2O need attention. In this study, we measured regulated and unregulated pollutants of a Euro VI step E Diesel vehicle. Samples were taken downstream of (i) the engine, (ii) the Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and catalyzed Diesel particulate filter (cDPF), and (iii) the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit for NOx with an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC). In addition to typical laboratory and real-world cycles, various challenging tests were conducted (urban driving with low payload, high-speed full-load driving, and idling) at 23 °C and 5 °C. The results showed high efficiencies of the DOC, DPF, and SCR under most testing conditions. Cold start cycles resulted in high NOx emissions, while high-temperature cycles resulted in high particle emissions. The main message of this study is that further improvements are necessary, also considering possible reductions in the emission limits in future EU regulations.

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Section: Maximum Load (Passive Regeneration)mentioning

confidence: 80%

Assessment of a Euro VI Step E Heavy-Duty Vehicle’s Aftertreatment System

et al. 2022

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“…Karjalainen et al used the ePNC sensor in the solid particle number measurement (SPN) to study the operation of auxiliary heaters of passenger cars and compared the results with other methods [14]. The ePNC sensor based PEMS system was featured in recent PTI sensor studies by Melas et al [15] and Vasilatou et al [16] with different particle materials and morphology. In the ePNC sensor, the current is measured from the DB that collects only a fraction of all particles passing through the DB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Operation Pressure on the Response of ePNC Particle Number Concentration Sensor

Laakkonen,

Arffman,

Rostedt

et al. 2024

IEEE Sensors J.

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In this article we present a method that aims towards more ideal number concentration response of a diffusion charger and diffusion collectorbased particle sensor (Dekati ePNC) by utilizing reduced pressure conditions in the sensor. A model is derived for the charger and diffusion collector stage of the sensor as well as for the total particle number concentration response. The derived model is validated with experimental characterization measurements in different operation pressures. The experimental results show that reduced operation pressure makes the sensor response less dependent on particle size, approaching pure particle number response. The obtained results improve the feasibility of the diffusion-charging based method in the measurement of particle number concentration.

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“…The control of the PM is conducted with an opacity meter only for diesel vehicles. The opacity measurement however, is not appropriate for particulate filters equipped vehicles, because it can hardly detect a removed or tampered particulate filter [11,12]. A new PN methodology was introduced in Belgium in July 2022, while the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland will introduce the new methodology in 2023.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of two condensation particle counters (CPCs) in photometric mode for high concentration exhaust emission measurements

Giechaskiel¹,

Melas²,

Mamakos³

2023

Combustion Engines

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Condensation particle counters (CPCs) use light scattering to count particles after they have grown to micron size in a supersaturated environment. In single counting mode each particle is counted depending on whether the scattered light exceeds a threshold value or not. In photometric mode the total scattered light is converted in particle number concentration. While for laboratory grade particle number systems, CPCs are allowed to operate only in single counting mode, there is no such requirements for portable emissions measurements systems (PEMS) for real-driving emissions (RDE) testing or for instruments for periodic technical inspection (PTI) of vehicles. In this study two CPCs of the same model were assessed in single counting and photometric modes with silver and graphite particles with sizes ranging from 10 nm to 100 nm. The results showed that the concentration was measured accurately enough for particles in the 25 nm to 50 nm size range, but was underestimated and overestimated for smaller and larger particles, respectively. The key message is that the photometric mode should be avoided or calibrated in function of concentration and particle size.

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Evaluation of Measurement Procedures for Solid Particle Number (SPN) Measurements during the Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI) of Vehicles

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Assessment of a Euro VI Step E Heavy-Duty Vehicle’s Aftertreatment System

Assessment of a Euro VI Step E Heavy-Duty Vehicle’s Aftertreatment System

Effect of Operation Pressure on the Response of ePNC Particle Number Concentration Sensor

Assessment of two condensation particle counters (CPCs) in photometric mode for high concentration exhaust emission measurements

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