Evaluation of medical examination of forensic medicine specialists during / after detention within the scope of Istanbul Protocol

Keten, Alper; Abacı, Ramazan

doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101921

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Each category of torture was also widely distributed. Physical torture was clearly reported for 67 countries and by 253 studies, psychological torture for 62 countries and by 188 studies,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 9937 article titles and abstracts were screened, 1739 full-text articles were assessed, and 266 articles were included for analysis (eFigure 1 in Supplement 1). One article was published in 1947 and the rest in 1977 to 2021, with an average increase of 0.25 additional articles published per year from 1977 ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports of torture could be identified for an average of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.6-2.6) countries per study, and the range was 0 to 39 countries. Only 1 country of torture could be identified for 143 studies (54%), 2 to 10 countries for 53 studies (20%), more than 10 countries for 11 studies (4%), and no single country of torture could be identified for 59 studies (22%) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The location(s) of torture included regions encompassing multiple countries (ie, “Africa”) or parts of multiple countries (ie, “Kurdistan”) in 101 studies, and single countries could not be ascribed to those regions. Overall, 113 studies (43%) included men and women, 82 studies (31%) included only men, 27 studies (10%) included only women, and the gender of the sample could not be determined for 44 studies (17%)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

Milewski,

Weinstein,

Lurie

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceDespite its prohibition by the United Nations Convention against Torture and other international treaties, torture has been perpetrated against countless individuals worldwide, and health care practitioners globally are increasingly encountering refugee torture survivors in their clinical practices. The methods, geographic distribution, and frequency of torture globally are not well described, which limits health care practitioners’ ability to adequately diagnose and treat the sequelae of torture.ObjectiveTo rank the commonness of torture methods and identify the regions of the world with which they are associated.Data SourcesFor this systematic review and meta-analysis, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to July 2021.Study SelectionIncluded studies were peer-reviewed articles in English, contained an independent sample population of individuals who experienced torture, and outlined the type(s) of torture experienced. Excluded studies were not peer reviewed, lacked an independent sample population, or did not specify torture methods. Articles were chosen for inclusion by 2 independent and blinded reviewers, and a third, independent reviewer resolved discrepancies. Overall, 266 articles—15.3% of the 1739 studies initially identified for full review—met the inclusion criteria.Data Extraction and SynthesisData abstraction and quality assessment followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were extracted by 2 independent and blinded reviewers into predefined templates, and a third, independent reviewer resolved discrepancies. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Downs and Black Checklist.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTorture methods were ranked by their average frequencies, numbers of reporting studies, and numbers of countries wherein the methods occurred.ResultsA total of 9937 titles and abstracts were screened, and 266 studies encompassing 103 604 individuals (13 350 men, 5610 women, and 84 644 unspecified) were analyzed. Torture was reported for 105 countries; 21 methods accounted for 84% of all reported methods and 10 methods accounted for 78% of all physical tortures. The top 3 methods were beating or blunt-force trauma (reported in 208 studies and 59 countries; average frequency, 62.4%; 95% CI, 57.7%-67.1%), electrical torture (reported in 114 studies and 28 countries; average frequency, 17.2%; 95% CI, 15.0%-19.4%), and starvation or dehydration (reported in 65 studies in 26 countries; average frequency, 12.7%; 95% CI, 10.2%-15.2%). According to the Downs and Black appraisal tool, 50 studies were rated as good or excellent and 216 as fair or poor.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that torture remains widespread. Although innumerable torture methods exist, a limited number account for the vast majority of reported tortures. So that targeted therapies may be developed, additional investigation is needed to better elucidate the sequelae associated with the most common torture methods, described here.

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“…Each category of torture was also widely distributed. Physical torture was clearly reported for 67 countries and by 253 studies, psychological torture for 62 countries and by 188 studies,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

Milewski,

Weinstein,

Lurie

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1 During this process, forensic experts were also detained, and 72% of them were exposed to torture and abuse. 2 These circumstances forced many academics, journalists, teachers and medics to leave Turkey and seek asylum, mainly in other European countries, given their geographical proximity. 3 We surveyed 294 people who emigrated to Germany from Turkey after 15 July 2016 using Google Forms.…”

Section: Dear Editormentioning

confidence: 99%