“…Findings from population-based and clinic studies indicate that presence of chronic low back pain is related to an elevated incidence of metabolic syndrome (Duruoz, Turan, Gurgan & Deveci, 2013; Ha, 2011). High BMI, and in particular greater waist circumference, are also associated with chronic pain (Hitt, McMillen, Thorton-Neaves, Koch & Cosby, 2007; Goodson et al, 2013; Ray, Lipton, Zimmerman, Katz, Derby, 2011; Stone & Broderick, 2012; Urquhart et al, 2011; Wright et al, 2010).…”