Evaluation of Neutralization Potential of Naja naja and Daboia russelii Snake Venom by Root Extract of Cyanthillium cinereum

Abstract

A bstract Aim One of the main reasons for the death due to snake bites is the non-availability of antivenoms in the regions where they are needed. The use of medicinal plants and plant-based natural products as an alternative to antivenom will become a milestone in snake bite envenomation. The present study investigates the in vitro antivenom properties of Cyanthillium cinereum root extracts. Materials and methods The C. cinereum root's aqueous extract was prepared by the Soxhlet extraction method, and phytochemical screening was performed to detect the presence of various bioactive compounds. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis were performed for the detection and identification of phytochemical constituents. In this study, an in vitro model is used to assess the antivenom capability of aqueous extract. Venom toxicity and neutralization assays were as follows: An in vitro pharmacological evaluation was performed by direct hemolysis assay, indirect hemolytic assay, proteolytic activity, neutralization of procoagulant activity, and gelatin liquefaction method. Results Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals by the standard method showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents. Also, GC–MS analysis showed the presence of three major compounds that possess antivenom activity from the obtained 60 bioactive compounds, and their chemical structures were also determined. Venom protein profiling was performed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) analysis. The plant extract was able to neutralize the Naja naja ( N. naja) and Daboia russelii ( D. russelii) venom induced hemolysis and it was reduced below 50 and 40%, respectively and the extract was also able to reduce the hemolytic halo produced by venoms. Procoagulant activity and gelatin liquefaction assay showed that venom-induced clotting was neutralized by increasing the root extract concentration sufficiently. Conclusion The aqueous extract of the root of C. cinereum showed potent in vitro venom-neutralizing activity, and it can be used as a formidable therapeutic agent against N. naja and D. russelii envenomation. How to cite this article Suji S, Dinesh MD, Keerthi KU, Anagha KP, Arya J, Anju KV. Evaluation of Neutralization Potential of Naja naja and Daboia russelii Snake Venom by Root Extract of Cyanthillium cinereum . Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(11):821–829.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities of Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.: An Updated Review

“…Suji et al [143] demonstrated that the hemolysis caused by the venoms of Daboia russelii and Naja naja was alleviated by an aqueous root extract of V. cinerea. The hemolysis of the venoms was decreased to 50% and 40%, respectively, and the extract also decreased the hemolytic halo produced by the venom.…”