Evaluation of operational parameters for a capacitive deionization reactor employing asymmetric electrodes

Electro-removal of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) from aqueous solutions by capacitive deionization

“…This technique also has the advantages of relatively low capital costs, including the costs of pipes and pumps, and minimal fouling [26]. Therefore, CDI technology has been used for desalination [26][27][28][29], hard water softening [30,31], heavy metal removal [32], and groundwater remediation [33]. Furthermore, the application of CDI to remove arsenic from aqueous solutions has attracted intense interest.…”

High performance stability of titania decorated carbon for desalination with capacitive deionization in oxygenated water

“…16,17 Besides other metal oxides (like manganese oxide 18 or zinc oxide 19 ), titania/carbon hybrid materials have been investigated to enhance the desalination capacity 20,21 and/or efficiency. 22,23 These studies commonly cover the range of few desalination/ regeneration (charge/discharge) cycles, but even for CDI with just carbon electrodes, only few works show dozens or more cycles. 8 So far, research has fallen short of investigating the potential for enhancing the CDI performance stability by use of metal oxide coatings.…”

Interconnected metal oxide CNT fibre hybrid networks for current collector-free asymmetric capacitive deionization

“…Aiming to put to test the electrodes studied above under relevant conditions for CDI, an asymmetric CDI (aCDI) 1,21,46,67,68 full ow cell was assembled and used for brackish water (2.0 g L À1 NaCl) desalination. Considering that 2.0 g L À1 NaCl is one of the highest salt concentrations studied in nanocarbon-based electrodes for CDI, 69 and that the maximum salt adsorption capacity (mg g À1 ) reaches a plateau followed by a decrease at high concentrations, 20 higher NaCl concentrations were not considered for further tests.…”

“…40,44 In parallel, there is vast body of work showing large increases in the capacitance of carbon electrodes when combined with metal oxides. 45 In particular, coating with g-Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 has been demonstrated to be an effective technique to improve the electrochemical properties of a wide range of pre-formed carbon-based substrates such as carbon cloths, 46 at graphite, 46 carbon xerogel, 47 carbon sheets, [48][49][50] activated carbon powders, 51 carbon foam and nanofoams. 52 Transition metal oxides 53 or conducting polymers 41 can provide larger increases in capacitance due to the contribution of pseudocapacitive reactions.…”