Evaluation of Quality Indicators for Dutch Community Pharmacies Using a Comprehensive Assessment Framework

Schoenmakers, Tim W. A.; Teichert, Martina; Braspenning, Jozé; Vunderink, Lydia; Smet, Peter A. G. M. De; Wensing, Michel

doi:10.18553/jmcp.2015.21.2.144

Cited by 10 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Figure illustrates the study selection and the exclusion/inclusion processes. The studies were conducted in 12 countries, of which three were conducted in the Netherlands, two each in the UK, USA, and Thailand, and one each in Argentina, Spain, Australia, Canada and Brazil . One study was conducted in three countries: Ethiopia, Uganda and Zimbabwe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eleven studies reported the development of quality indicators for community pharmacies . Multiple methods were used to produce initial sets of indicators including literature review, focus groups, surveys, case studies and interviews (Table ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initial sets of indicators were subjected to a selection exercise performed by expert or stakeholder consensus . Testing of psychometric properties included validity, reliability, feasibility and variability …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second study in the Netherlands involved the development of a set of 52 quality indicators by the Dutch Health Care Transparency Programme. The majority of these indicators originated from the set of indicators generated in the previous study .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This scoping review showed little involvement of public or patient groups in the initial development of indicators. In one study, only pharmacists were included in an expert panel to evaluate the validity and the reliability of a set of quality indicators . This was justified by stating a qualified assessment was needed from experienced personnel involved in daily community pharmacy practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quality indicators and community pharmacy services: a scoping review

Alhusein

Watson²

2019

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice

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BackgroundQuality indicators are a commonly used improvement tool in health care. There is growing interest and activity in the use of quality indicators to improve community pharmacy practice.ObjectivesTo conduct a scoping review of the use of quality indicators for community pharmacy practice, including their methods of development and evaluation.MethodsElectronic databases (EMBASE and PubMed) were searched to identify papers published between January 2008 and April 2018. No limits were applied for language of publication or country of origin. Studies were included if they reported empirical data regarding the development or evaluation of quality indicators. All study designs were eligible for inclusion. Duplicate independent screening was undertaken of the search results. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer.ResultsOf the 988 records identified from the database search, 15 articles were included. The studies were conducted in 12 countries from six continents. Eleven studies described the development of quality indicators, eight of which included the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the indicators developed. Four studies examined the impact of quality indicators on practice all of which reported improvements in some aspects of quality, mainly with structure indicators rather than those relating to process and outcome.ConclusionsWhilst there is a growing emphasis on promoting improvement in community pharmacy services, evidence is lacking of the effect of indicators on improving quality. Measurable process and outcome indicators are needed. The future development of quality indicators would also benefit from a multi‐stakeholder approach.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quality indicators and community pharmacy services: a scoping review

Alhusein

Watson²

2019

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice

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Quality indicators for pharmaceutical care: a comprehensive set with national scores for Dutch community pharmacies

Teichert

Schoenmakers²,

Kylstra

et al. 2016

Int J Clin Pharm

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Background The quality of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in the Netherlands has been assessed annually since 2008. The initial set has been further developed with pharmacists and patient organizations, the healthcare inspectorate, the government and health insurance companies. The set over 2012 was the first set of quality indicators for community pharmacies which was validated and supported by all major stakeholders. The aims of this study were to describe the validated set of quality indicators for community pharmacies and to report their scores over 2012. In subanalyses the score development over 5 years was described for those indicators, that have been surveyed before and remained unchanged. Methods Community pharmacists in the Netherlands were invited in 2013 to provide information for the set of 2012. Quality indicators were mapped by categories relevant for pharmaceutical care and defined for structures, processes and dispensing outcomes. Scores for categorically-measured quality indicators were presented as the percentage of pharmacies reporting the presence of a quality aspect. For numerical quality indicators, the mean of all reported scores was expressed. In subanalyses for those indicators that had been questioned previously, scores were collected from earlier measurements for pharmacies providing their scores in 2012. Multilevel analysis was used to assess the consistency of scores within one pharmacy over time by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results For the set in 2012, 1739 Dutch community pharmacies (88 % of the total) provided information for 66 quality indicators in 10 categories. Indicator scores on the presence of quality structures showed relatively high quality levels. Scores for processes and dispensing outcomes were lower. Subanalyses showed that overall indicators scores improved within pharmacies, but this development differed between pharmacies. Conclusions A set of validated quality indicators provided insight into the quality of pharmaceutical care in the Netherlands. The quality of pharmaceutical care improved over time. As of 2012 quality structures were present in at least 80 % of the community pharmacies. Variation in scores on care processes and outcomes between individual pharmacies and over time can initiate future research to better understand and facilitate quality improvement in community pharmacies.

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Developing a quality framework for community pharmacy: a systematic review of international literature

Hindi,

Campbell,

Jacobs

et al. 2024

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveTo identify the defining features of the quality of community pharmacy (CP) services and synthesise these into an evidence-based quality framework.DesignSystematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Data sourcesInternational research evidence (2005 onwards) identified from six electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO) was reviewed systematically from October 2022 to January 2023. Search terms related to ‘community pharmacy’ and ‘quality’.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesTitles and abstracts were screened against inclusion or exclusion criteria, followed by full-text screening by at least two authors. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies relevant to quality in CP were included.Data extraction and synthesisA narrative synthesis was undertaken. Following narrative synthesis, a patient and public involvement event was held to further refine the quality framework.ResultsFollowing the title and abstract screening of 11 493 papers, a total of 81 studies (qualitative and quantitative) were included. Of the 81 included studies, 43 investigated quality dimensions and/or factors influencing CP service quality; 21 studies assessed patient satisfaction with and/or preferences for CP, and 17 studies reported the development and assessment of quality indicators, standards and guidelines for CPs, which can help define quality.The quality framework emerging from the global literature consisted of six dimensions: person-centred care, access, environment, safety, competence and integration within local healthcare systems. Quality was defined as having timely and physical access to personalised care in a suitable environment that is safe and effective, with staff competent in the dispensing process and pharmacy professionals possessing clinical knowledge and diagnostic skills to assess and advise patients relative to pharmacists’ increasingly clinical roles.ConclusionThe emerging framework could be used to measure and improve the quality of CP services. Further research and feasibility testing are needed to validate the framework according to the local healthcare context.

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Evaluation of Quality Indicators for Dutch Community Pharmacies Using a Comprehensive Assessment Framework

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Quality indicators and community pharmacy services: a scoping review

Quality indicators and community pharmacy services: a scoping review

Quality indicators for pharmaceutical care: a comprehensive set with national scores for Dutch community pharmacies

Developing a quality framework for community pharmacy: a systematic review of international literature

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