Evaluation of selected hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in stored canine CPDA-1 whole blood

Abstract

Blood transfusions are mainly given to intensive care patients; therefore, additional complications that could arise from storage lesions in preserved blood should be avoided. It has been shown that human stored red blood cells are subject to changes that are considered to be a number of interdependent processes involving metabolic disarrangement and oxidative stress. The aim of our study was to determine alterations in selected hematological and biochemical parameters and to assess whether and when oxidative stress is a significant phenomenon in stored dog CPDA-1 whole blood. Ten ½ unit bags of whole blood donated from dogs and preserved with CPDA-1 (anticoagulant containing citrate, phosphate, dextrose and adenine) were stored for 5 weeks. Each week, a 9 ml sample was drawn aseptically to measure hematological parameters, selected metabolites, free hemoglobin content, osmotic fragility, antioxidant enzyme activity, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde concentration and protein carbonyl content.The results revealed an MCV decrease in the first week of storage and then a gradual increase; osmotic fragility decreased at that time and remained low throughout the study period. Leukodepletion became significant in the fourth week of storage. The free hemoglobin concentration continuously increased, with the greatest changes observed in the last two weeks of storage. The total antioxidant capacity changed in a reverse manner. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities decreased from week 0 to week 3, and catalase activity tended to decrease over time. The highest malondialdehyde concentrations in blood supernatant were measured in the first week of storage, and the carbonyl concentration increased after 35 days.Hematological changes and oxidative stress are already present in the first week of storage, resulting in depletion of the antioxidant system and subsequent accumulation of oxidation products as well as erythrocyte hemolysis, which are most pronounced at the end of the storage period.

Caprine whole blood appears sufficiently stable after 21 days in storage to be suitable for transfusion

“…Blood pH initially dropped due to the acidity of the CPDA-1 bags; however, it did not drop below 7 in any of the samples, which is unexpected given previous reports from canine, equine, caprine, and ovine blood studies, which demonstrated a drop in pH below 7 by day 7 of storage. [2][3][4]6,11 Given that the blood in the other studies was considered suitable for use at a lower pH, the blood from this study would have been appropriate for use in an in vivo study.…”

“…There is an abundance of research on stored canine blood, primarily packed RBCs due to the frequent use of stored blood products in small animal emergency medicine. [5][6][7][8][9][10] One of these studies also evaluated the efficacy and safety of transfusions using stored canine blood. 8 All published literature uses an accepted value of 1% hemolysis as a rejection criterion for viable blood for transfusion, a value that is extrapolated from human medical literature.…”

“…The degree to which these changes occur differs from species to species. [2][3][4]6,11 The primary objective of this study was to determine hematologic and biochemical changes of stored caprine whole blood in CPDA-1 over a 28-day period stored at 4 to 6 °C. A second objective was to evaluate whether any significant bacterial contamination occurred under common clinical collection and storage techniques.…”

Adverse hematological profiles associated with chlorpromazine antipsychotic treatment in male rats: Preventive and reversal mechanisms of taurine and coenzyme-Q10

“…Although the mechanisms involved in drug and chemical-induced blood dysfunctions remain completely unknown, notable mechanisms involving increased production of free radicals and inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [16] , [2] , as well as hormonal imbalance [68] have been identified with the use of CPZ. Studies have shown that oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in damaging blood cell membranes, notably, impairing RBC deformability, which is the ability of RBCs to squeeze through tiny capillaries to eliminate damaged or old RBCs from the circulation, thereby derangements of blood cells [58] .…”

The effect of transfusion of erythrocyte mass on clinical and haematological indicators of dogs with hemolytic anaemia caused by babesiosis

“…Red blood cells undergo changes that are considered to be a series of interdependent processes, including metabolic disorders and oxidative stress. Haematological changes and oxidative stress are present as early as the first week of storage, leading to depletion of the antioxidant system and further accumulation of oxidation products, as well as erythrocyte haemolysis, which is most pronounced at the end of storage (Bujok et al, 2022). Blood transfusion is increasingly used in veterinary medicine.…”