Evaluation of surface versus total permethrin content in permethrin-treated clothing: Implications for protection against mosquitoes

Vang, Adam; White, Avian V; Balanay, Jo Anne G.; Marcom, Robin Tutor; Richards, Stephanie L.

doi:10.1080/20477724.2022.2028377

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown contradictory results for the behavioural effects of permethrin. While some studies suggest a repellent effect on mosquitoes at close range 21 , 22 , others did not find such an effect 9 , 29 – 31 , 50 . Lindsay et al 30 found that the repellent effect of permethrin-treated nets was linked to the emulsifier and not to the insecticide itself, which might have led to the wrong notion that permethrin is repellent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…With the latter definition, nets treated with excito-repellent insecticides should cause mosquitoes to move away prior to contacting the net 11 , 13 , 14 , while irritant insecticides should cause mosquitoes to move away only after contact with the net 15 – 20 . Multiple studies have reported that permethrin has an excito-repellent effect, resulting in mosquitoes showing avoidance behaviour prior to contact with the permethrin-treated surface 21 , 22 . In the case of nets treated with permethrin, it has been claimed that the excito-repellent effect would compensate for physical damage as mosquitoes—if neither knocked down nor killed upon contact with the net—would be diverted away 14 , 23 – 28 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D video tracking analysis reveals that mosquitoes pass more likely through holes in permethrin-treated than in untreated nets

Fatou,

Müller

2024

Sci Rep

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In addition to killing, mosquito nets treated with permethrin have been claimed to repel mosquitoes, reducing their success in passing through a holed net. We have tested this hypothesis by tracking mosquitoes in a modified World Health Organization tunnel test. In the original assay, mosquitoes are released at one end of the tunnel and have to pass through a holed piece of net to reach the bait at the other end. The mosquitoes are left in the tunnel overnight, while mortality and feeding rates are scored the following morning. Since the original test does not reveal how mosquitoes move within the tunnel, we combined the tunnel with a 3D video camera system. We tracked susceptible and permethrin-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. as they moved in the tunnel and interacted with an untreated or a permethrin-treated net (Olyset Net®). Surprisingly, while permethrin increased the mortality and reduced blood-feeding rates, twice as many mosquitoes passed through the holes of the permethrin-treated net. The flight trajectories reveal that upon exposure to the permethrin-treated net, both mosquito colonies showed increased ‘excitation’, thereby augmenting their chance of getting through the holes in the net. The study underlines the complexity of behavioural modes of action of insecticides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D video tracking analysis reveals that mosquitoes pass more likely through holes in permethrin-treated than in untreated nets

Fatou,

Müller

2024

Sci Rep

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“…Earlier studies, too, have shown contradictory results for permethrin. While some studies suggest a repellent effect on mosquitoes at close range [21,22], others did not found such an effect [9,[29][30][31]]. An explanation is that permethrin's behavioural mode of action is context-dependent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the latter de nition, nets treated with excito-repellent insecticides cause mosquitoes to move away prior to having contact with the net [11,13,14], while irritant insecticides cause mosquitoes to move away only upon contact with the net [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Intriguingly, multiple studies have reported that permethrin has an excito-repellency effect resulting in mosquitoes showing avoidance behaviour prior to contact any permethrin-treated surface [21,22] and, in the case of nets treated with permethrin, it has been claimed that this effect would compensate for physical damage as mosquitoes would either be knocked down or killed before getting through the holed net [14,[23][24][25][26][27][28]. In contrast, other studies found no evidence for such an excito-repellency effect [9,[29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D video tracking analysis reveals that mosquitoes pass more successfully through holes of a permethrin-treated than an untreated net

Fatou

Müller

2023

Preprint

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In addition to killing, mosquito nets treated with permethrin have been claimed to repel mosquitoes, reducing their success in passing through a holed net. We have tested this hypothesis by tracking mosquitoes in a modified World Health Organization tunnel test. In the original assay, mosquitoes are released at one end of the tunnel and have to pass through a holed piece of net to reach the bait at the other end while mortality and feeding rates are recorded upon exposure. Since the original test does not reveal how mosquitoes move within the tunnel, we combined the assay with a 3D infrared video camera system. We tracked susceptible and permethrin-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. as they moved in the tunnel and interacted with an untreated or a permethrin-treated net. Surprisingly, while permethrin increased the mortality and reduced the blood-feeding rates, twice as many mosquitoes passed through the holes of the permethrin-treated net. The 3D flight trajectories reveal that upon exposure to a permethrin-treated net, both insecticide susceptible and resistant An. gambiae s.s. show an increased contact-disengagement or ‘excitation’, thereby augmenting their chance of getting through the holes in the net. The study underlines the complexity of behavioural mode of actions of insecticides.

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“…Permethrin, used as a positive control larvicide in this study, is used as both a repellent and a lethal agent against ectoparasite species such as sand flies and mosquitoes. When applied to uniforms, screens, and mosquito nets, it has killing and repellent properties for contact insects [40][41][42]. It is also used to manage R. sanguineus s.l.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Larvicidal and Repellent Potential of Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani) Tar against the Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato)

Koc,

Gultekin,

Kahraman

et al. 2023

Molecules

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This study investigated the potential acaricidal and repellent effects of tar obtained from the Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) against the brown dog tick species Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). The goal was to find an alternative, safe, and effective way to eliminate ticks. Tar is traditionally extracted from cedar trees in the Antalya region of Türkiye. The composition of the tar is primarily characterized by a diverse mixture of terpenes, with β-himachalene (29.16%), α-atlantone (28.7%), ar-turmerone (8.82%), longifolene-(V4) (6.66%), α-himachalene (5.28%), and β-turmerone (5.12%) emerging as the predominant constituents. The toxic effects of tar on tick larvae were studied through larval immersion tests (LIT), and its repellent activity was evaluated using a new larval repellent activity test (LRAT). The results revealed significant acaricidal effects, with mortality rates of 77.7% and 82.2% for the Konyaalti and Kepez strains of the brown dog tick, respectively, in response to a 1% concentration of tar. LC50 and LC90 values were determined as 0.47% and 1.52% for the Kepez strain and 0.58% and 1.63% for the Konyaalti strain, respectively. When comparing the repellent effect of tar to the widely used synthetic repellent DEET, repellency rates of up to 100% were observed. As a result, this study establishes, for the first time, the larvicidal and repellent effects of C. libani tar on ticks.

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Evaluation of surface versus total permethrin content in permethrin-treated clothing: Implications for protection against mosquitoes

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

3D video tracking analysis reveals that mosquitoes pass more likely through holes in permethrin-treated than in untreated nets

3D video tracking analysis reveals that mosquitoes pass more likely through holes in permethrin-treated than in untreated nets

3D video tracking analysis reveals that mosquitoes pass more successfully through holes of a permethrin-treated than an untreated net

Exploring the Larvicidal and Repellent Potential of Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani) Tar against the Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato)

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