Evaluation of the Hematological Patterns from Up to 985 Days of Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study

Galúcio, Vanessa Costa Alves; Menezes, Daniel Carvalho de; Lima, Patrícia Danielle Lima de; Palácios, Vera Regina da Cunha Menezes; Vasconcelos, Pedro Fernando da Costa; Quaresma, Juarez Antônio Simões; Falcão, Luiz Fábio Magno

doi:10.3390/v15040879

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Another study found that patients in the acute COVID-19 phase presented with eosinophilia, and EC significantly increased up to 90 days of long COVID. Subsequently, eosinophils counts decreased to basal levels after 3 months, without any other changes after 6 and 12 months of observation (133).…”

Section: Long Covid and Eosinophilsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections

et al. 2023

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Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that, under homeostatic conditions, account for as much as 1-3% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During inflammation, eosinophils can rapidly expand and infiltrate inflamed tissues, guided by cytokines and alarmins (such as IL-33), adhesion molecules and chemokines. Eosinophils play a prominent role in allergic asthma and parasitic infections. Nonetheless, they participate in the immune response against respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Notably, respiratory viruses are associated with asthma exacerbation. Eosinophils release several molecules endowed with antiviral activity, including cationic proteins, RNases and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. On the other hand, eosinophils release several cytokines involved in homeostasis maintenance and Th2-related inflammation. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emerging evidence indicates that eosinophils can represent possible blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and severity prediction of disease. In particular, eosinopenia seems to be an indicator of severity among patients with COVID-19, whereas an increased eosinophil count is associated with a better prognosis, including a lower incidence of complications and mortality. In the present review, we provide an overview of the role and plasticity of eosinophils focusing on various respiratory viral infections and in the context of viral and allergic disease comorbidities. We will discuss the potential utility of eosinophils as prognostic/predictive immune biomarkers in emerging respiratory viral diseases, particularly COVID-19. Finally, we will revisit some of the relevant methods and tools that have contributed to the advances in the dissection of various eosinophil subsets in different pathological settings for future biomarker definition.

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Section: Long Covid and Eosinophilsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections

et al. 2023

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“…It is worth noting that previous studies have reported contradictory findings regarding ferritin, which could be attributed to the timing of marker evaluations in relation to the acute phase of the disease. Nevertheless, understanding this issue highlights the need for further studies [ 32 , 52 – 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with long Covid-19 syndrome: a case–control study

Torki,

Hoseininasab,

Moradi

et al. 2024

Clin Exp Med

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Long Covid-19 syndrome (LCS) manifests with a wide range of clinical symptoms, yet the factors associated with LCS remain poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the relationships that demographic characteristics, clinical history, laboratory indicators, and the frequency of HLA-I alleles have with the likelihood of developing LCS. We extracted the demographic characteristics and clinical histories from the medical records of 88 LCS cases (LCS+ group) and 96 individuals without LCS (LCS− group). Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical symptoms, serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, laboratory parameters, and the frequencies of HLA-I alleles. Following this we used multiple logistic regression to investigate the association these variables had with LCS. Subjects in the LCS+ group were more likely to have experienced severe Covid-19 symptoms and had higher body mass index (BMI), white blood cell, lymphocyte counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6 levels than those in the LCS− group (for all: P < 0.05). Moreover, the frequencies of the HLA-A*11, -B*14, -B*38, -B*50, and -C*07 alleles were higher in the LCS+ group (for all: P < 0.05). After adjusting for the most important variables, the likelihood of suffering from LCS was significantly associated with BMI, CRP, IL-6, the HLA-A*11, and -C*07 alleles, as well as a positive history of severe Covid-19 (for all: P < 0.05). Our study showed that a history of severe Covid-19 during the acute phase of the disease, the HLA-A*11, and -C*07 alleles, higher BMI, as well as elevated serum CRP and IL-6 levels, were all associated with an increased likelihood of LCS.

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“…It is worth noting that previous studies have reported contradictory ndings regarding ferritin, which could be attributed to the timing of marker evaluations in relation to the acute phase of the disease. Nevertheless, understanding this issue highlights the need for further studies [27,[47][48][49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with Long Covid-19 Syndrome: a case-control study

Torki,

Hoseininasab,

Moradi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective Long Covid-19 syndrome (LCS) manifests with a wide range of clinical symptoms, yet the factors associated with LCS remain poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the relationships that demographic characteristics, clinical history, laboratory indicators, and the frequency of HLA-I alleles have with the likelihood of developing LCS. Methods We extracted the demographic characteristics and clinical histories from the medical records of 88 LCS cases (LCS+ group) and 96 age/sex-matched individuals without LCS (LCS− group). Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical symptoms, serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, laboratory parameters, and the frequencies of HLA-I alleles. Following this we used multiple logistic regression to investigate the association these variables had with LCS. Results Subjects in the LCS+ group were more likely to have experienced severe Covid-19 symptoms and had higher body mass index (BMI), white blood cell, lymphocyte counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6 levels than those in the LCS− group (for all: P˂0.05). Moreover, the frequencies of the HLA-A*11, -B*14, -B*38, -B*50, and -C*07 alleles were higher in the LCS+ group (for all: P˂0.05). After adjusting for the most important variables, the likelihood of suffering from LCS was significantly associated with BMI, CRP, IL-6, the HLA-A*11, and -C*07 alleles, as well as a positive history of severe Covid-19 (for all: P˂0.05). Conclusion Our study showed that a history of severe Covid-19 during the acute phase of the disease, the HLA-A*11, and -C*07 alleles, higher BMI, as well as elevated serum CRP and IL-6 levels, were all associated with an increased likelihood of LCS.

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Evaluation of the Hematological Patterns from Up to 985 Days of Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections

Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with long Covid-19 syndrome: a case–control study

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with Long Covid-19 Syndrome: a case-control study

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