Evaluation of two methods for monitoring surface cleanliness—ATP bioluminescence and traditional hygiene swabbing

Davidson, C. A.; Griffith, Chris; Peters, Adrian; Fielding, Louise

doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-7243(199901/02)14:1<33::aid-bio514>3.0.co;2-i

Cited by 146 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…4,5 Hygiene monitoring using ATP also offers a simple and valuable means of monitoring dental practice cleaning routines. 6 This test is relatively simple to perform and can be done at the site of sampling.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Total viable counts, ATP, and endotoxin levels as potential markers of microbial contamination of dental unit water systems

Fulford¹,

Walker²,

Martin

et al. 2004

Br Dent J

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Objectives To determine if either ATP or endotoxin concentrations in water supplied by dental unit water systems (DUWS) correlated with total viable counts (TVC), and therefore could be used as a rapid, chairside measure of levels of microbial contamination. Design A prospective trial. Method Fifty-seven water samples were taken from the 'triple spray', air rotor and source water supplies from 25 dental units in eight practices. The samples were assayed for endotoxin concentration, total ATP and TVC. A pilot study was performed to assess the relationship between TVC and total cell counts, as determined by flow cytometry. Results ATP concentrations ranged from 22 to 958 relative light units (RLU) and free endotoxin ranged from 25 to 600 EU ml -1 . TVC varied from not detected to 2.16 x 10 4 CFU ml -1 . The ATP method proved to be a simple and rapid method that could be used at the chairside. However, there was no correlation between ATP or endotoxin concentrations and TVC in DUWS. TVC generally underestimated the total cell count by 50 to 500 fold. Conclusion Half of the water samples from DUWS exceeded recommended levels of TVC. However, ATP and endotoxin concentrations in DUWS water samples did not correlate with these TVC data and therefore could not be recommended as an alternative assay to TVC for measuring bacterial contamination or for monitoring water treatment efficacy.Dental unit water systems (DUWS) are generally contaminated with bacteria. 7,9,13,15 The normal method of measuring bacterial contamination is by total viable counts (TVC) following culture on microbiological media in a dedicated laboratory. This is a time- consuming and labour intensive process, and there is an inevitable delay before the data are available and can be acted upon. In order for the bacterial counts to be as accurate as possible, it is essential to ensure that the samples are processed without delay after collection. This may prove difficult if the site of collection is remote from the microbiology laboratory.In the brewing and food industry, bacterial and other cellular contamination is estimated by measuring total adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 4,5 Hygiene monitoring using ATP also offers a simple and valuable means of monitoring dental practice cleaning routines. 6 This test is relatively simple to perform and can be done at the site of sampling. The simplicity and rapidity of the ATP test system are features that could potentially make this a feasible approach to measure contamination of DUWS at the chairside. This would be particularly useful in confirming the efficacy of decontamination procedures.Another potential method of estimating TVC could be to measure endotoxin concentration. Much of the bacterial contamination of DUWS is by Gram-negative bacteria, which on lysis would release endotoxin. Thus, endotoxin estimation could potentially also be used as a measure of bacterial contamination of DUWS. This assay is used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry for testing the production of endotoxin-free water.The purp...

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confidence: 99%

Total viable counts, ATP, and endotoxin levels as potential markers of microbial contamination of dental unit water systems

Fulford¹,

Walker²,

Martin

et al. 2004

Br Dent J

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“…They provide repeatable results that reflect the microbiological pollution. Unfortunately, the long time of the sample incubation (up to 72 h for bacteria; up to 5 days for fungi) does not enable quick corrections within one technological cycle [31,32]. For that reason, it is necessary to introduce tests that quickly estimate the number of bacteria.…”

Section: Hygiene Monitoring In Food Industrymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The intensity of light impulses that are formed in the luminescence reaction is measured at 562 nm and is expressed in Relative Light Units (RLU). The reaction should occur under proper pH (optimum 7.8-7.9) and temperature (optimum 25ºC) conditions [13,14]. The total ATP (tATP) in the sample is the sum of the cellular ATP (cATP), which occurs in the living cells, and the dissolved ATP (dATP), which comes from decomposed cells [15].…”

Section: Oxyluciferin + Amp + Products + Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar problems are observed in restaurants and public utility facilities (eg hotels). The ATP test helps to check easily whether a given surface is clean, sufficiently disinfected and does not constitute a threat for humans [14,19,20].…”

Section: Using Atp Tests In Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method is becoming more and more popular in the hygiene monitoring in the HACCP system in situ. Its main advantage is detecting the microbial and organic pollutant within several minutes [31,32].…”

Section: Hygiene Monitoring In Food Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using ATP tests for assessment of hygiene risks

Pistelok

Pohl

Stuczyński

et al. 2016

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule playing a role of universal energy carrier used in cell metabolism. Since ATP is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, this coenzyme can be used to determine a hygiene state. During last decade there has been a significant growth of practical applications of ATP measurements. ATP tests are commonly used for an assessment of hygienic conditions in food industry, residential buildings and hotels. In comparison with traditional and time-consuming laborious microbial analysis the measurement of ATP provides a quick indicative on-site data, characterizing microbial and organic contamination to support decision-making with regards to adequate corrective and preventive actions. This paper demonstrates applications of ATP in practice and, particularly, in water treatment technology and wastewater processing. The review highlights opportunities for using the test for the optimization of water treatment facilities and pipe networks functioning in order to assess wastewater toxicity and wastewater treatment process efficiency. Other areas of application are also addressed. The review of literature indicates that ATP used in different areas of industry can be considered as a diagnostic method -complement the classical methods -useful for identification of hygiene risks as well as a tool for a real-time management of health and environmental risks.

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Catering

Arvanitoyannis

Varzakas

2009

HACCP and ISO 22000

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Evaluation of two methods for monitoring surface cleanliness—ATP bioluminescence and traditional hygiene swabbing

Cited by 146 publications

References 6 publications

Total viable counts, ATP, and endotoxin levels as potential markers of microbial contamination of dental unit water systems

Total viable counts, ATP, and endotoxin levels as potential markers of microbial contamination of dental unit water systems

Using ATP tests for assessment of hygiene risks

Catering

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