Evaluation of water treatment sludges toxicity using the Daphnia bioassay

Characteristics and mechanisms of phosphate adsorption on dewatered alum sludge

“…7 d, adsorption stage), the release of humic substances to the solution would be due to the competitive effect of phosphate for surface sites with the humic substances. Therefore, as a result, part of the functional humic substances on the alum sludge surface is replaced by the phosphate, as shown in equation (9). Similar findings were reported in studies on competition between phosphate ion and humic substances for active sites during adsorption process [25].…”

“…Although the properties of such sludge are highly variable and dependent on both the type of the raw water and the chemical composition of coagulant [9], it can be seen from , with mass percentages of 1.7% for cationic ions and 3.6% for anionic ions. In addition, the FT-IR has identified that the alum sludge contains some organic matter and the content expressed in TOC was 9.9% by mass examined by a Shimadzu TOC-V CSH total organic carbon analyzer.…”

Constructive Approaches Toward Water Treatment Works Sludge Management: An International Review of Beneficial Reuses

“…Similarly, Sotero-Santos et al (2005) did a comparative data analysis of the toxicity of alum sludge and ferric chloride sludge and reported that there was no acute toxicity (48 h exposure) upon Daphnia similes for both alum and ferric sludges. However, longterm exposure to ferric chloride sludge caused some mortality and decreased reproduction of daphnids while alum sludge was less toxic than ferric chloride sludge.…”

Water quality assessment in piracicamirim creek upstream and downstream a sugar and ethanol industry through toxicity tests with cladocerans

“…Therefore, given the importance of both the methods, Cairns (2002) emphasized that there must be an association between the physical/chemical and biological monitoring, thus allowing a better assessment of the water pollution. Studies have shown that the industrial discharges despite meeting the criteria and regulations established based on the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters exhibit high toxicity to aquatic biota (Sotero-Santos et al 2005). In order to evaluate such toxicity, ecotoxicological tests are used, since they are able to evaluate the toxicity of substances or mixtures, such as industrial effluent (Eckenfelder 2000).…”