Evaluation of Zadoff–Chu, Kasami, and Chirp-Based Encoding Schemes for Acoustic Local Positioning Systems

Murano, Santiago; Perez-Rubio, Carmen; Gualda, David; Álvarez, F.; Aguilera, Teodoro; Marziani, Carlos De

doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2959290

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Needless to say, identifying which signal comes from which source is the main concern here. A more detailed investigation should reveal which multiple access protocol is suited to address this challenge and existing chirp based techniques [21][22][23] should be tested. The robustness against Doppler shifts of the acoustic chirps [43] needs to be verified and tracking algorithms to counter the potentially introduced error can be investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High precision hybrid RF and ultrasonic chirp-based ranging for low-power IoT nodes

Cox

Perre

Wielandt

et al. 2020

J Wireless Com Network

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Hybrid acoustic-RF systems offer excellent ranging accuracy, yet they typically come at a power consumption that is too high to meet the energy constraints of mobile IoT nodes. We combine pulse compression and synchronized wake-ups to achieve a ranging solution that limits the active time of the nodes to 1 ms. Hence, an ultra low-power consumption of 9.015 µW for a single measurement is achieved. The operation time is estimated on 8.5 years on a CR2032 coin cell battery at a 1 Hz update rate, which is over 250 times larger than state-of-the-art RF-based positioning systems. Measurements based on a proof-of-concept hardware platform show median distance error values below 10 cm. Both simulations and measurements demonstrate that the accuracy is reduced at low signal-to-noise ratios and when reflections occur. We introduce three methods that enhance the distance measurements at a low extra processing power cost. Hence, we validate in realistic environments that the centimeter accuracy can be obtained within the energy budget of mobile devices and IoT nodes. The proposed hybrid signal ranging system can be extended to perform accurate, low-power indoor positioning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Autocorrelation is used to perform fast distance calculations using small data sets, as described in [18,42], and exploited in [19,20]. A linear chirp [21][22][23] is used as audio broadcast signal for two reasons. First of all, mobile nodes with different distances to the beacon, will measure other parts of the chirp signal.…”

Section: Pulse Compressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High precision hybrid RF and ultrasonic chirp-based ranging for low-power IoT nodes

Cox

Perre

Wielandt

et al. 2020

J Wireless Com Network

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“…In this process, each mobile object measures the time of arrival (ToA) or the time differences of arrival (TDoA) to determine the distance or distance difference between each mobile node and the different beacons. As the emissions are encoded, the first approach to detect their arrival in the receiver is using the cross-correlation as a matched filter, with suitable binary sequences encoding the emissions, and followed by different processing techniques at the receiver to make the system more robust against multipath, low coverage areas, near-far effect or Doppler effect [20,21].…”

Section: Use Of Coded Emissions and Cross-correlation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Adjustment of Weighted GCC-PHAT for Position Estimation in an Ultrasonic Local Positioning System

Villadangos

Ureña

Domínguez

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Ultrasonic local positioning systems (ULPS) have been brought to the attention of researchers as one of the possibilities that can be used for indoor localization. Acoustic systems combine a suitable trade-off between precision, ease of development, and cost. This work proposes a method for measuring the time of arrival of encoded emissions from a set of ultrasonic beacons, which are used to implement an accurate ULPS. This method uses the generalized cross-correlation technique with PHAT filter and weighting factor β (GCC-PHAT-β). To improve the performance of the GCC-PHAT-β in encoded emission detection, the employment is proposed of mixed-medium multiple-access techniques, based on code division and time division multiplexing of beacon emissions (CDMA and TDMA respectively), and to dynamically adjust the PHAT filter weighting factor. The receiver position is obtained by hyperbolic multilateration from the time differences of arrival (TDoA) between a reference beacon and the rest, thus avoiding the need for receiver synchronization. The results show how the dynamic adaptation of the weighting factor significantly reduces positioning errors from 20 cm to 2 cm in 80% of measurements. The simulated and real experiments prove that the proposed algorithms improve the performance of the ULPS in situations with lower signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) than 0 dB and in environments where the multipath effect makes it difficult to correctly detect the encoded ultrasonic emissions.

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“…Many Indoor Positioning Systems (IPSs), whose development has significantly increased in the last two decades [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], strive to locate the user at all times and as accurately as possible. Different technologies such as Wi-Fi [ 4 , 5 ], Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [ 6 , 7 ], visible light [ 8 , 9 ] and ultrasound [ 10 , 11 ] have been extensively used in combination with positioning techniques that include triangulation, trilateration, multilateration, and fingerprinting, among others. Nevertheless, although such positioning can have many applications, in the vast majority of cases, users only need to know with some accuracy where they are and how to get to the desired Point of Interest (PoI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise-Resilient Acoustic Low Energy Beacon for Proximity-Based Indoor Positioning Systems

Aguilera

Aranda

Parralejo

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Proximity-Based Indoor Positioning Systems (PIPSs) are a simple to install alternative in large facilities. Besides, these systems have a reduced computational cost on the mobile device of those users who do not continuously demand a high location accuracy. This work presents the design of an Acoustic Low Energy (ALE) beacon based on the emission of inaudible Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) signals. This coding scheme provides high robustness to in-band noise, thus ensuring a reliable detection of the beacon at a practical range, after pulse compression. A series of experimental tests have been carried out with nine different Android devices to study the system performance. These tests have shown that the ALE beacon can be detected at one meter distance with signal-to-noise ratios as low as −12 dB. The tests have also demonstrated a detection rate above 80% for reception angles up to 50∘ with respect to the beacon’s acoustic axis at the same distance. Finally, a study of the ALE beacon energy consumption has been conducted demonstrating comparable power consumption to commercial Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons. Besides, the ALE beacon search can save up to 9% more battery of the Android devices than the BLE beacon scanning.

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Evaluation of Zadoff–Chu, Kasami, and Chirp-Based Encoding Schemes for Acoustic Local Positioning Systems

Cited by 25 publications

References 34 publications

High precision hybrid RF and ultrasonic chirp-based ranging for low-power IoT nodes

High precision hybrid RF and ultrasonic chirp-based ranging for low-power IoT nodes

Dynamic Adjustment of Weighted GCC-PHAT for Position Estimation in an Ultrasonic Local Positioning System

Noise-Resilient Acoustic Low Energy Beacon for Proximity-Based Indoor Positioning Systems

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