Evaporation in a Mediterranean environment by energy budget and Penman methods, Lake Baratz, Sardinia, Italy

Giadrossich, Filippo; Niedda, Marcello; Cohen, Denis; Pirastru, Mario

doi:10.5194/hess-19-2451-2015

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…The other approaches are developed for longer time intervals and are not applicable for sub-daily calculations. The results also confirm the findings from various other studies (Rimmer et al, 2009;Giadrossich et al, 2015;Tanny et al, 2008;Rosenberry et al, 2007) that for the BREB, Priestley-Taylor, and Penman method, the knowledge of the heat storage term is essential to achieve reliable results, as neglecting the heat storage results in a strong seasonal bias. Using estimates of the heat storage term does not provide acceptable results for the BREB or for the Priestley-Taylor method.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The main goal is the identification of the best fitting equation, by using measurements purely made on land, as data from raft stations or buoys are often difficult to obtain (Giadrossich et al, 2015). The calculated evaporation rates are compared to the eddy covariance measurements and evaluated in terms of their correlation coefficient, slope and offset of the regression line, mean difference, and monthly differences between the estimates and the measurements.…”

Section: Indirect Methods To Estimate Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Vüllers

Nied

Corsmeier

et al. 2018

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The Dead Sea is a terminal lake, located in an arid environment. Evaporation is the key component of the Dead Sea water budget and accounts for the main loss of water. So far, lake evaporation has been determined by indirect methods only and not measured directly. Consequently, the governing factors of evaporation are unknown. For the first time, long-term eddy covariance measurements were performed at the western Dead Sea shore for a period of 1 year by implementing a new concept for onshore lake evaporation measurements. To account for lake evaporation during offshore wind conditions, a robust and reliable multiple regression model was developed using the identified governing factors wind velocity and water vapour pressure deficit. An overall regression coefficient of 0.8 is achieved. The measurements show that the diurnal evaporation cycle is governed by three local wind systems: a lake breeze during daytime, strong downslope winds in the evening, and strong northerly along-valley flows during the night. After sunset, the strong winds cause half-hourly evaporation rates which are up to 100 % higher than during daytime. The median daily evaporation is 4.3 mm d−1 in July and 1.1 mm d−1 in December. The annual evaporation of the water surface at the measurement location was 994±88 mm a−1 from March 2014 until March 2015. Furthermore, the performance of indirect evaporation approaches was tested and compared to the measurements. The aerodynamic approach is applicable for sub-daily and multi-day calculations and attains correlation coefficients between 0.85 and 0.99. For the application of the Bowen ratio energy budget method and the Priestley–Taylor method, measurements of the heat storage term are inevitable on timescales up to 1 month. Otherwise strong seasonal biases occur. The Penman equation was adapted to calculate realistic evaporation, by using an empirically gained linear function for the heat storage term, achieving correlation coefficients between 0.92 and 0.97. In summary, this study introduces a new approach to measure lake evaporation with a station located at the shoreline, which is also transferable to other lakes. It provides the first directly measured Dead Sea evaporation rates as well as applicable methods for evaporation calculation. The first one enables us to further close the Dead Sea water budget, and the latter one enables us to facilitate water management in the region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Indirect Methods To Estimate Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Vüllers

Nied

Corsmeier

et al. 2018

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The study was performed in the Baratz Lake catchment (Giadrossich et al, 2015;Niedda et al, 2014;Pirastru and Niedda, 2013), in North-West Sardinia, Italy. The climate is semiarid Mediterranean, with a mild winter, a warm summer and a high water deficit between April and September.…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subsurface flow and large-scale lateral saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in a Mediterranean hillslope with contrasting land uses

Pirastru

Bagarello

Iovino

et al. 2017

Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics

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The lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity,Ks,l, is the soil property that mostly governs subsurface flow in hillslopes. Determinations ofKs,lat the hillslope scale are expected to yield valuable information for interpreting and modeling hydrological processes since soil heterogeneities are functionally averaged in this case. However, these data are rare since the experiments are quite difficult and costly. In this investigation, that was carried out in Sardinia (Italy), large-scale determinations ofKs,lwere done in two adjacent hillslopes covered by a Mediterranean maquis and grass, respectively, with the following objectives: i) to evaluate the effect of land use change onKs,l, and ii) to compare estimates ofKs,lobtained under natural and artificial rainfall conditions. HigherKs,lvalues were obtained under the maquis than in the grassed soil since the soil macropore network was better connected in the maquis soil. The lateral conductivity increased sharply close to the soil surface. The sharp increase ofKs,lstarted at a larger depth for the maquis soil than the grassed one. TheKs,lvalues estimated during artificial rainfall experiments agreed with those obtained during the natural rainfall periods. For the grassed site, it was possible to detect a stabilization ofKs,lin the upper soil layer, suggesting that flow transport capacity of the soil pore system did not increase indefinitely. This study highlighted the importance of the experimental determination ofKs,lat the hillslope scale for subsurface modeling, and also as a benchmark for developing appropriate sampling methodologies based on near-point estimation ofKs,l.

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“…In some climates where changes in lake water temperature are small, Q x may be ignored if the period over which evaporation is determined is suitable long. However, even when determining evaporation on a monthly or seasonal scale, Q x usually is an important factor and cannot be ignored (Giadrossich et al, ; Lenters et al, ). One can readily observe from Equation that for a given Δ T , Q x will increase as Δ t decreases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating daily lake evaporation from biweekly energy‐budget data

Andreasen

Rosenberry

Stannard

2017

Hydrological Processes

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Estimates of daily lake evaporation based on energy‐budget data are poor because of large errors associated with quantifying change in lake heat storage over periods of less than about 10 days. Energy‐budget evaporation was determined during approximately biweekly periods at a northern Minnesota, USA, lake for 5 years. Various combinations of shortwave radiation, air temperature, wind speed, lake‐surface temperature, and vapour‐pressure difference were related to energy‐budget evaporation using linear‐regression models in an effort to determine daily evaporation without requiring the heat‐storage term. The model that combined the product of shortwave radiation and air temperature with the product of vapour‐pressure difference and wind speed provided the second best fit based on statistics but provided the best daily data based on comparisons with evaporation determined with the eddy‐covariance method. Best‐model daily values ranged from −0.6 to 7.1 mm/day over a 5‐year period. Daily averages of best‐model evaporation and eddy‐covariance evaporation were nearly identical for all 28 days of comparisons with a standard deviation of the differences between the two methods of 0.68 mm/day. Best‐model daily evaporation also was compared with two other evaporation models, Jensen–Haise and a mass‐transfer model. Best‐model daily values were substantially improved relative to Jensen–Haise and mass‐transfer values when daily values were summed over biweekly energy‐budget periods for comparison with energy‐budget results.

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Evaporation in a Mediterranean environment by energy budget and Penman methods, Lake Baratz, Sardinia, Italy

Cited by 27 publications

References 43 publications

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Subsurface flow and large-scale lateral saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in a Mediterranean hillslope with contrasting land uses

Estimating daily lake evaporation from biweekly energy‐budget data

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