Evidence‐based control of canine rabies: a critical review of population density reduction

Morters, Michelle; Restif, Olivier; Hampson, Katie; Cleaveland, Sarah; Wood, James; Conlan, Andrew J. K.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02033.x

Cited by 185 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…En zonas afectadas por rabia canina, el sacrificio de perros vagabundos es una medida utilizada como una respuesta visible para aplacar la preocupación de la comunidad (11) . Sin embargo, casi la totalidad de los estudios analizados concluyen que el sacrificio de perros no es un método efectivo e, incluso, puede tener consecuencias negativas para el control de la rabia canina y humana.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Además, en caso de que estos perros con dueño fueran sacrificados, es muy probable que serían reemplazados, aumentando el traslado de perros dentro y hacia la ciudad (35) , y la densidad de la población canina volvería a su estado original, como se ha observado en otros partes del mundo (25,28) . De la misma forma, el sacrificio de perros sin dueño, como lo han indicado Morters et al (11) , disminuiría temporalmente la densidad de perros, lo cual aumentaría los recursos per cápita (p.ej. basura, lugares para reproducirse), y como resultado las tasas de natalidad y sobrevivencia aumentarían.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Una clasificación que fue creada para apoyar las actividades de control de la rabia canina y que aún sigue siendo útil es la creada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (11) . Esta clasificación captura la intrincada relación entre el nivel de dependencia de los perros y el nivel de restricción al que son sometidos (13) .…”

Section: Definicionesunclassified

“…La rabia canina puede ser prevenida a través de intervenciones dirigidas a las poblaciones caninas (9) , y en muchos países, incluido Perú, se ha pensado que el manejo de brotes de rabia en canes se puede limitar, centrar o apoyar en el sacrificio de perros vagabundos (10) . Sin embargo, el sacrificio como medida de control de la rabia se basa únicamente en el supuesto que la transmisión del VR va a disminuir hasta el punto de su interrupción cuando se disminuya el número total de perros y/o su densidad (número total por unidad de área) (11) . Por lo tanto, el sacrificio de perros vagabundos no toma en cuenta las posibles respuestas de las comunidades, los cambios demográficos en las poblaciones de perros, ni los costos desviados hacia esta medida que podrían haber sido utilizados para otras acciones de control como la vacunación.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Efecto del sacrificio de perros vagabundos en el control de la rabia canina

Castillo-Neyra¹,

Levy

Náquira

2016

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica

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RESUMENEn la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú, se han detectado perros con rabia desde marzo de 2015, señal de la reintroducción del virus de la rabia (VR) en esta zona previamente declarada libre de esta enfermedad. La alta densidad de perros vagabundos ha sido considerada una de las causas de la continua transmisión del VR en el brote de la ciudad de Arequipa, alentando el sacrificio de perros como medida de salud pública. Sin embargo, la efectividad de esta medida de control no ha sido evaluada. El objetivo de esta revisión fue determinar la efectividad del sacrificio de perros vagabundos como medida de control de la rabia urbana. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos sobre control de rabia canina o urbana en las bases de datos de Medline, Scopus y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios originales y revisiones que hayan evaluado algún efecto del sacrificio de perros en la transmisión del VR. Veinte de 21 artículos concluyen que el sacrificio de perros vagabundos es inefectivo en reducir la trasmisión del VR e, incluso, puede tener consecuencias imprevistas que empeoren el problema. En conclusión, la evidencia disponible indica que sacrificar perros vagabundos no es efectivo para controlar la rabia urbana. Además, las diversas consecuencias negativas del sacrificio de los perros vagabundos reportadas en otras partes del mundo sugieren que el sistema de rabia urbana es altamente complejo y todos sus componentes deben ser tomados en cuenta durante la implementación de actividades de control. Palabras clave: perros; rabia; sacrificio de perros; zoonosis (fuente: DeCS BIREME). EFFECT OF FREE-ROAMING DOGS CULLING ON THE CONTROL OF CANINE RABIES ABSTRACTIn the Peruvian city of Arequipa, rabid dogs have been detected since March 2015, signaling the reintroduction of the rabies virus (RV) in this previously officially-declared rabies free zone. High dog density is considered one of the causes for the continuous transmission of the RV in the outbreak in the city of Arequipa, which seemingly lends support to the culling of dogs as a public health measure. However, the effectiveness of culling free-roaming dogs to control urban rabies has not been evaluated. Objective to determine the effectiveness of free-roaming dog culling as a control measure of urban rabies. Source of data: We searched for articles on dog rabies control or urban rabies control in the databases of PubMed, Scopus and LILACS. The characteristics and results of the documents obtained were recorded. Eligibility criteria: We included original studies and reviews that have evaluated an effect of culling dogs in the transmission of RV. Data collection and evaluation: One of the authors (RCN) screened the articles found in the search based on their titles and abstracts. The data and results of the articles selected for full reading were evaluated by at least two authors. Results: 21 articles were eligible for full reading. 20 of 21 articles conclude that free-roaming dog culling is ineffective in reducing the transmission of RV and may even have unintended consequences that w...

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Section: Definicionesunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Efecto del sacrificio de perros vagabundos en el control de la rabia canina

Castillo-Neyra¹,

Levy

Náquira

2016

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica

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“…Alternatively, less frequent campaigns might provide significant monetary savings with minimal adverse consequences in limited-resource settings. Furthermore, previous cost-effectiveness evaluations have focused on annual campaigns [2,10] or one-time campaigns [3], and have not considered the simultaneous optimization of both coverage and frequency, nor even optimization of frequency alone. However, from an implementation standpoint, it is more straightforward to decide how often to conduct vaccination campaigns than to control the coverage achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal frequency of rabies vaccination campaigns in Sub-Saharan Africa

et al. 2016

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Rabies causes more than 24 000 human deaths annually in Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization recommends annual canine vaccination campaigns with at least 70% coverage to control the disease. While previous studies have considered optimal coverage of animal rabies vaccination, variation in the frequency of vaccination campaigns has not been explored. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of rabies canine vaccination campaigns at varying coverage and frequency, we parametrized a rabies virus transmission model to two districts of northwest Tanzania, Ngorongoro ( pastoral) and Serengeti (agro-pastoral). We found that optimal vaccination strategies were every 2 years, at 80% coverage in Ngorongoro and annually at 70% coverage in Serengeti. We further found that the optimality of these strategies was sensitive to the rate of rabies reintroduction from outside the district. Specifically, if a geographically coordinated campaign could reduce reintroduction, vaccination campaigns every 2 years could effectively manage rabies in both districts. Thus, coordinated campaigns may provide monetary savings in addition to public health benefits. Our results indicate that frequency and coverage of canine vaccination campaigns should be evaluated simultaneously and tailored to local canine ecology as well as to the risk of disease reintroduction from surrounding regions.

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An accessible scheme for monitoring free‐roaming cat population trends

Gunther

Azriel

Wolf

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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Free‐roaming cats (FRCs) form nondomiciliary population groups that might lead to adverse environmental effects, as well as to welfare impairment of the cats themselves. Though criticized by ecologists, for the last two decades, the trap–neuter–return (TNR) programs were often employed aiming to manage these populations. At present, no accepted and accessible monitoring scheme exists to determine the effectiveness of those programs. In the current study, we present the reliability and validity of an applicable monitoring scheme, as an adjunct tool for a TNR program of FRC in an urban environment. The monitoring scheme is based on cat observation counts along randomly chosen transects. Fifty‐four transects were repeatedly walked for three years, between 2012‐2014, in 27 neighborhoods within an urban area of 19.3 Km2. Cat numbers counted in the 2014 observations were significantly higher than cat numbers found in the 2012 observations (prevalence ratio = 1.258, CI95%= 1.198–1.322, p < 0.001). The method revealed high reliability when different observers and different transects in the same neighborhood were compared (R2 = 0.548 and R2 = 0.391, respectively, for measuring cat counts per km, p < 0.001; and R2 = 0.5 and R2 = 0.74, respectively, for measuring neutering percentage, p < 0.001). This scheme was constructively validated by measurements of municipal data on the number of neutered cats and demonstrated high correlation (R2 = 0.59, p < 0.001). Conducting cat observations using friendly calling and feeding resulted in an increased number of FRC observed per km walk (by 79% and 22%–30%, respectively). However, these manipulations did not alter the recorded percentage of neutered cats. The proposed scheme provides spatio‐temporal data that can contribute to the management programs of such cat metapopulations in an urban environment.

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Evidence‐based control of canine rabies: a critical review of population density reduction

Cited by 185 publications

References 66 publications

Efecto del sacrificio de perros vagabundos en el control de la rabia canina

Efecto del sacrificio de perros vagabundos en el control de la rabia canina

Optimal frequency of rabies vaccination campaigns in Sub-Saharan Africa

An accessible scheme for monitoring free‐roaming cat population trends

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