Evidence for the function of the free radical gas — nitric oxide (NO•) — as an endogenous maturation and senescence regulating factor in higher plants

Leshem, Y.; Wills, R. B. H.; Ku, V.V.V.

doi:10.1016/s0981-9428(99)80020-5

Cited by 393 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It was shown by Leshem et al (1998) that exogenous NO extends the postharvest-life and delayed senescence in fruits, vegetables and flowers. Later, Leshem et al (2000) made it clear that NO is natural senescence-delaying plant growth substance acting by down-regulating ethylene production.…”

Section: Water Vapours/water Status In Fruitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of internal atmosphere on fruit ripening and storability—a review

2011

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Concentrations of different gases and volatiles present or produced inside a fruit are determined by the permeability of the fruit tissue to these compounds. Primarily, surface morphology and anatomical features of a given fruit determine the degree of permeance across the fruit. Species and varietal variability in surface characteristics and anatomical features therefore influence not only the diffusibility of gases and volatiles across the fruits but also the activity and response of various metabolic and physiological reactions/processes regulated by these compounds. Besides the well-known role of ethylene, gases and volatiles; O 2 , CO 2 , ethanol, acetaldehyde, water vapours, methyl salicylate, methyl jasmonate and nitric oxide (NO) have the potential to regulate the process of ripening individually and also in various interactive ways. Differences in the prevailing internal atmosphere of the fruits may therefore be considered as one of the causes behind the existing varietal variability of fruits in terms of rate of ripening, qualitative changes, firmness, shelf-life, ideal storage requirement, extent of tolerance towards reduced O 2 and/or elevated CO 2 , transpirational loss and susceptibility to various physiological disorders. In this way, internal atmosphere of a fruit (in terms of different gases and volatiles) plays a critical regulatory role in the process of fruit ripening. So, better and holistic understanding of this internal atmosphere along with its exact regulatory role on various aspects of fruit ripening will facilitate the development of more meaningful, refined and effective approaches in postharvest management of fruits. Its applicability, specially for the climacteric fruits, at various stages of the supply chain from growers to consumers would assist in reducing postharvest losses not only in quantity but also in quality.

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Section: Water Vapours/water Status In Fruitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of internal atmosphere on fruit ripening and storability—a review

2011

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“…Abscisic acid is thought to have an important role in promoting climacteric ethylene production in apple (Lara & Vendrell 2000), and therefore may induce apple softening indirectly. Nitric oxide is known to delay ripening and senescence in many fruits and vegetables by influencing ethylene production (Leshem et al 1998). Thus, nitric oxide may decrease apple softening indirectly by reducing ethylene production.…”

Section: Other Growth Regulators?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Postharvest softening of apple (Malus domestica) fruit: A review

Johnston

Hewett²,

Hertog

2002

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

207

136

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Postharvest softening of apple (Malus domestica (Borkh.)) fruit is a serious problem for growers in many countries, including New Zealand. To reduce this problem considerable research has been undertaken to determine the biological causes of softening so that this process can be managed or controlled more effectively. This review describes the pattern of softening for harvested apple fruit, and how it is influenced by different preharvest, atharvest, and postharvest factors. Information is also given on the likely physiological and biochemical causes of apple softening, such as fruit anatomy and cell packing, modification of the cell wall and membranes, changes in cell turgor, and the role of ethylene and other growth regulators. Despite many softening studies, there is still a poor understanding of what causes firmness variation in the marketplace. Until this understanding is improved, apple producers will continue to struggle to meet market requirements for texture.

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“…These include: production of the hormone ethylene (5), germination (6), programmed cell death (7,8), senescence (5), and stomatal closure (9). NO is also involved in pathogen defense, either directly (10) or via production of antimicrobial phytoalexins (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Vanin

Svistunenko

Mikoyan

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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We have quantitatively measured nitric oxide production in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Vicia faba by adapting ferrous dithiocarbamate spin tapping methods previously used in animal systems. Hydrophobic diethyldithiocarbamate complexes were used to measure NO interacting with membranes, and hydrophilic N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate was used to measure NO released into the external solution. Both complexes were able to trap levels of NO, readily detectable by EPR spectroscopy. Basal rates of NO production (in the order of 1 nmol g ؊1 h ؊1 ) agreed with previous studies. However, use of methodologies that corrected for the removal of free NO by endogenously produced superoxide resulted in a significant increase in trapped NO (up to 18 nmol g ؊1 h ؊1 ). Basal NO production in leaves is therefore much higher than previously thought, but this is masked by significant superoxide production. The effects of nitrite (increased rate) and nitrate (decreased rate) are consistent with a role for nitrate reductase as the source of this basal NO production. However, rates under physiologically achievable nitrite concentrations never approach that reported following pathogen induction of plant nitric-oxide synthase. In Hibiscus rosa sinensis, the addition of exogenous nitrite generated sufficient NO such that EPR could be used to detect its production using endogenous spin traps (forming paramagnetic dinitrosyl iron complexes). Indeed the levels of this nitrosylated iron pool are sufficiently high that they may represent a method of maintaining bioavailable iron levels under conditions of iron starvation, thus explaining the previously observed role of NO in preventing chlorosis under these conditions.The phenomenon of NO production by plants was first reported by Klepper in 1979 (1), significantly earlier than the discovery of NO generation by animals (1985)(1986)(1987). Nevertheless research in the plant NO field has lagged behind the animal field for two important reasons: the absence of a physiological phenomenon elicited by NO and a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanism underpinning any such phenomenon. In animals the role of NO as the endotheliumderived relaxing factor and the discovery of the L-arginine/ nitric-oxide synthase/guanylate cyclase signaling pathway (2, 3) provided the impetus for the explosion of research in this area in the 1990s (4). However, recently there has been a similar expansion of interest in the role of NO in plants.Although a complete molecular model of the physiological role of NO in plants remains to be determined, a number of normal physiological processes are now known to be modulated by NO production. These include: production of the hormone ethylene (5), germination (6), programmed cell death (7, 8), senescence (5), and stomatal closure (9). NO is also involved in pathogen defense, either directly (10) or via production of antimicrobial phytoalexins (11). There are several recent reviews covering the role of NO in plants (12)(13)(14)(15)(16).Although the molecula...

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Evidence for the function of the free radical gas — nitric oxide (NO•) — as an endogenous maturation and senescence regulating factor in higher plants

Cited by 393 publications

References 19 publications

Role of internal atmosphere on fruit ripening and storability—a review

Role of internal atmosphere on fruit ripening and storability—a review

Postharvest softening of apple (Malus domestica) fruit: A review

Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

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