Evidence for the widespread occurrence of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in fish collected from the Rhône River basin (France)

Labadie, Pierre; Blasi, Charlotte; Ménach, Karyn Le; Geneste, Emmanuel; Babut, Marc; Perceval, Olivier; Budzinski, Hélène

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.069

Cited by 40 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A recent study by Kraẗschmer et al 19 determined concentration ranges for SCCP of 0.97−170 ng/g and MCCP of 1.1−79 ng/g of fresh weight in fish, with higher MCCP levels on average. A study by Labadie et al 20 wet weight) than SCCP concentrations (0.3−10.6 ng/g of wet weight) in fish. The trend of SCCP concentrations becoming lower and MCCP concentrations becoming higher occurs even more in this pilot study.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Identification and Quantification of Chlorinated Paraffins in Fish Samples Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Negative Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Comparison to a Direct Injection–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization–Orbitrap/Mass Spectrometry Method

Tien

Bernsmann

Humpf

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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This study presents a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with negative chemical ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–NCI–QTOF/MS) method, which allows for a precise chromatographic separation of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs). A new reversed-phase column setup was used, which allows for more accurate separation of MCCPs compared to known GC × GC methods. In a pilot study, 25 freshwater fish samples were analyzed with this method to characterize chlorinated paraffin (CP) compositions. The CP composition was similar in the samples, an observation that is important for the development of a suitable routine method. MCCP contamination was considerably higher than SCCP contamination, with concentrations of 1.3–410 ng/g of wet weight and 0.67–6.5 ng/g of wet weight, respectively. These results were compared to those obtained using a second method, direct injection–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)–Orbitrap/mass spectrometry (MS). GC × GC separation was considered to be advantageous for accurate quantification of CP contamination.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Identification and Quantification of Chlorinated Paraffins in Fish Samples Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Negative Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Comparison to a Direct Injection–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization–Orbitrap/Mass Spectrometry Method

Tien

Bernsmann

Humpf

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…In the aquatic environment, SCCPs are more likely to be adsorbed in sediment since they have low water solubility and high carbon partition coefficients (Environment Canada 2008). There are quite a number of studies that have been reported globally (Wang et al 2019a;Pan et al 2018;Pan et al 2020;Huang et al 2019a;Wang et al 2020a;Labadie et al 2019).…”

Section: Aquatic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of SCCPs in farmed freshwater fish and wild sea fish ranged from 220 to 51000 ng g −1 lw and 900 to 7300 ng g −1 with ∑SCCP concentration of 5900 ± 8100 ng/g lw and 3000 ± 1600 ng/g lw, respectively. Labadie et al (2019) determined SCCP concentration in fish samples from the Rhone River basin, France. SCCP concentration ranged from 0.3 to 10.6 ng g −1 wet weight (ww) which were in the same order of magnitude with those reported by Saborido Basconcillo et al (2015), Herzke et al (2013) and Parera et al (2013).…”

Section: Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

Nevondo

Okonkwo

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been applied as additives in a wide range of consumer products, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, mining conveyor belts, paints, sealants, adhesives and as flame retardants. Consequently, CPs have been found in many matrices. Of all the CP groups, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have raised an alarming concern globally due to their toxicity, persistence and long-range transportation in the environment. As a result, SCCPs were listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in May 2017. Additionally, a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1% by weight. CPs can be released into the environment throughout their life cycle; therefore, it becomes crucial to assess their effects in different matrices. Although about 199 studies on SCCP concentration in different matrices have been published in other continents; however, there are scarce/or limited studies on SCCP concentration in Africa, particularly on consumer products, landfill leachates and sediment samples. So far, published studies on SCCP concentration in the continent include SCCPs in egg samples, e-waste recycling area and indoor dust in Ghana and South Africa, despite absence of any production of SCCPs in Africa. However, there still remains a huge research gap in the continent of Africa on SCCPs. Consequently, there is a need to develop robust SCCP inventories in Africa since the Stockholm Convention has already developed guidance document in this respect. This review, therefore, examines the state of knowledge pertaining to the levels and trends of these contaminants in Africa and further provides research gaps that need to be considered in order to better understand the global scale of the contaminant.

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“…For most of the fish samples, SCCPs showed higher concentrations than MCCPs, while in the fish oil and cod liver oil samples the contribution varied depending on the sample. In the study mentioned above for SCCPs, Labadie et al (2019) also analysed MCCPs in the common barbel. MCCPs were widespread with concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 72.7 lg/kg ww, which are higher than the values found for SCCPs.…”

Section: Mccpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food

Schrenk¹,

Bignami²,

Bodin³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. The data for experimental animals were reviewed and the CONTAM Panel identified the liver, kidney and thyroid as the target organs for the SCCP and MCCP mixtures tested in repeated dose toxicity studies. Decreased pup survival and subcutaneous haematoma/haemorrhage were also identified as critical effects for an MCCP mixture. For the LCCP mixtures tested, the liver was identified as the target organ. The Panel selected as reference points a BMDL10 of 2.3 mg/kg bw per day for increased incidence of nephritis in male rats, and of 36 mg/kg bw per day for increased relative kidney weights in male and female rats for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. For LCCPs, a reference point relevant for humans could not be identified. Due to the limitations in the toxicokinetic and toxicological database, the Panel concluded that derivation of a health‐based guidance value was not appropriate. Only limited data on the occurrence of SCCPs and MCCPs in some fish species were submitted to EFSA. No data were submitted for LCCPs. Thus, a robust exposure assessment and consequently a complete risk characterisation could not be performed. A preliminary risk characterisation based only on the consumption of fish was performed, and the calculated margins of exposure suggested no health concern for this limited scenario. The Panel noted that dietary exposure will be higher due to the contribution of CPs from other foods. The Panel was not able to identify reference points for farm animals, horses and companion animals. No occurrence data for feed were submitted to EFSA. Therefore, no risk characterisation could be performed for any of these animal species.

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Evidence for the widespread occurrence of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in fish collected from the Rhône River basin (France)

Cited by 40 publications

References 33 publications

Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food

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