Evolución del Estado del Bienestar desde una perspectiva de género. ¿Genealogía de una expropiación?

Abstract

RESUMEN: La cobertura de las necesidades sociales de la población ha sido objeto de diferentes formas y grados de intervención a lo largo de la historia de los Estados modernos. Sin embargo, el Estado del Bienestar no ha generado estrategias que garanticen la equiparación en el acceso a los derechos sociales de hombres y mujeres. Cuestiones como el trabajo reproductivo, la subsidiariedad respecto al mercado de trabajo, o el desigual grado de mercantilización han tenido un papel secundario.Este trabajo trata de analizar la genealogía del Estado del Bienestar bajo una perspectiva de género, estudiando las críticas que la teoría feminista ha planteado. Para ello, se ha realizado una aproximación histórica teniendo en cuenta las corrientes feministas que analizan la evolución de la vindicación del movimiento de mujeres dentro del ámbito de la promoción del bienestar social. Además, se presentan datos que avalan los argumentos y reflexiones propuestas.Estos elementos permiten iniciar una reflexión sobre la posibilidad de que se haya producido un ejercicio de expropiación del bienestar social. En este sentido, aquellas personas que han contribuido a la provisión de cuidados (mayoritariamente mujeres), se han podido ver desprovistas de protección en favor de mejorar las condiciones de vida y la promoción de aquellos que lo han hecho a partir de los rendimientos del trabajo productivo.Palabras clave: Estado del Bienestar; política social; teoría feminista; acción social.

National Projects and Feminism: The Construction of Welfare States through the Analysis of the 8M Manifestos of Progressive and Conservative Political Parties in Spain

“…Secondly, concerning the impact of the social state on social stratification, Andersen takes into account the inequalities originated by the capitalist system, but ignores the stratification caused by the sexual dimension. Hence, we find a dualistic model in terms of social protection, where the salaried man is granted all of the social rights and the woman the rights derived from her role within the family-wife and mother (Martínez 2007;Lucas and Bayón 2017)-or, as Orloff ( 2017) claims, welfare states shape gender relations. Thirdly, in relation to the decommodification of the workforce in terms of social and citizenship rights, it is considered that Esping-Andersen constructs the theory of Welfare States from a male perspective in which, in order to have social rights, it is necessary to be commodified, and therefore men are the main beneficiaries of them.…”

“…Firstly, regarding the relationship between the state, the market and the family in order to provide the population with welfare, it is considered that Andersen forgets the role of the family and, with it, the contribution of women, with unpaid work, through care and the provision of welfare which, due to structural inequality, relegates women to the private sphere. Therefore, the feminist movement is calling for the inclusion of the family-home-woman component (Martínez 2007;Lucas and Bayón 2017). Secondly, concerning the impact of the social state on social stratification, Andersen takes into account the inequalities originated by the capitalist system, but ignores the stratification caused by the sexual dimension.…”

“…Thirdly, in relation to the decommodification of the workforce in terms of social and citizenship rights, it is considered that Esping-Andersen constructs the theory of Welfare States from a male perspective in which, in order to have social rights, it is necessary to be commodified, and therefore men are the main beneficiaries of them. If women want to have access to them, they must commodify themselves in order to obtain them, and thus have their work recognized and valued (Martínez 2007;Peterson 2009;Lucas and Bayón 2017).…”