Evolution and Status of Bone and Marrow Dose Models

Abstract

Investigations at the University of Leeds under the direction of F.W. Spiers in the early 1960s through the late 1970s established the first comprehensive assessment of marrow dose conversion factors (DCFs) for beta-emitting radionuclides within the volume or on the surface of trabecular bone. These DCFs were subsequently used in deriving radionuclide S values for skeletal tissues published in MIRD Pamphlet No. 11. Eckerman re-evaluated this work and extended the methods of Spiers to radionuclides within the marrow to provide DCFs for fifteen skeletal regions in computational models representing individuals of six different ages. These results were used in the MIRDOSE3 software. Bouchet et al. used updated information on regional bone and marrow masses, as well as 3D electron transport techniques, to derive radionuclide S values in skeletal regions of the adult. Although these two efforts are similar in most regards, the models differ in three respects in: (1) the definition of the red marrow region, (2) the definition of a surface source of activity, and (3) the assumption applied in transporting electrons through the trabecular endosteum. In this study, a review of chord-based skeletal models is given, followed by a description of the differences in the Eckerman and Bouchet et al. transport models. Finally, new data from NMR microscopy and radiation transport in trabecular bone is applied to address item (1) above. Dose conversion factors from MIRD 11, the Eckerman model, the Bouchet et al. model, and a revised model are compared for several radionuclides important to internal emitter therapy.

Therapeutic radionuclides in nuclear medicine: current and future prospects

“…Several studies have been carried out to develop models for red marrow dosimetry and tolerance (Stabin et al, 2002). However, red marrow has a very complex structure and the mechanisms regulating uptake activity are still unclear.…”

Feasibility of bremsstrahlung dosimetry for direct dose estimation in patients undergoing treatment with 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan

“…inj t RM S RM RM ; using Snyder (S) factors provided by OLINDA/EXM [23], respectively for male or female adult phantoms adjusted for patient weight. Only the self-absorption component was taken into account.…”

Toward Patient-Friendly Cell-Level Dosimetry

“…The red bone marrow is the doselimiting organ in the majority of targeted radionuclide therapy. As has been previously reviewed (14,15), the anatomic data used to generate the red marrow S values for the adult male of Pamphlet 11 and MIRDOSE3 came from a single 44-y-old man (16,17). Because the marrow mass was not available from this subject, the masses used to convert the absorbed fractions to S values came from studies dating to 1926 (18,19).…”