Evolution of 3D Printing Methods and Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract

Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the building of materials, and 3D‐printing has become a useful tool for complex electrode assembly for batteries and supercapacitors. The field initially grew from extrusion‐based methods and quickly evolved to photopolymerization printing, while supercapacitor technologies less sensitive to solvents more often involved material jetting processes. The need to develop higher‐resolution multimaterial printers is borne out in the performance data of recent 3D printed electrochemical energy storage devices. Underpinning every part of a 3D‐printable battery are the printing method and the feed material. These influence material purity, printing fidelity, accuracy, complexity, and the ability to form conductive, ceramic, or solvent‐stable materials. The future of 3D‐printable batteries and electrochemical energy storage devices is reliant on materials and printing methods that are co‐operatively informed by device design. Herein, the material and method requirements in 3D‐printable batteries and supercapacitors are addressed and requirements for the future of the field are outlined by linking existing performance limitations to requirements for printable energy‐storage materials, casings, and direct printing of electrodes and electrolytes. A guide to materials and printing method choice best suited for alternative‐form‐factor energy‐storage devices to be designed and integrated into the devices they power is thus provided.

Efficient 3D printing via photooxidation of ketocoumarin based photopolymerization

“…6 and 7), as well as highperformance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS, see Supplementary Figs. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…KCD_2 as one of the primary photooxidation products was also identified by NMR after isolation through silica column chromatography (eluent: DCM/EA with a volume ratio of 50/1). Both 1 H-and 13 C-NMR characterizations were conducted on a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer (Ascend, Bruker, Germany) at 298 K. DMSO-d 6 was used as the solvent.…”

“…3D printing is most typically implemented in a layer-wise fashion 9 , despite the successful demonstration of volumetric additive manufacturing reported recently 6,17 . Among various 3D printing techniques, photopolymerization-based digital light processing (DLP) has attracted particular attention [1][2][3][4]9,10,[12][13][14][15][16] , due to that the photopolymerization kinetics can be precisely controlled spatially and temporally [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] . In this manner, 3D printing can be well controlled with rationally designed monomers 7,[29][30][31] , photoinitiating systems [32][33][34] , chain transfer agents 35 , oxygen inhibition layers 2 , mobile liquid interfaces 1 , and hardwares 6,17,36 .…”

Ag-Coated Cu/Polylactic Acid Composite Filament for Lithium and Sodium-Ion Battery Current Collector Three-Dimensional Printing via Thermoplastic Material Extrusion

“…Over the last few years, numerous studies dedicated to the lithium-ion battery (LIB) 3D printing have been published in the literature (Pang et al, 2019;Browne et al, 2020;Cheng et al, 2020;Costa et al, 2020;Egorov et al, 2020;Gulzar et al, 2020;Lyu et al, 2020;Maurel et al, 2020c;Yang and Fan, 2020;Zeng et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020). This trend can be simply justified by the new design freedom offered by the innovative additive manufacturing (AM) processes.…”

Effects of 3D Printing-Line Directions for Stretchable Sensor Performances

“…Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables us to create complex shapes using fewer materials than traditional manufacturing methods [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. In which, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a 3D printing process that uses a continuous filament from thermoplastic materials [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”