Evolution of Oxide Inclusions in Si-Mn-Killed Steel During Protective Atmosphere Electroslag Remelting

Shi, Chunming; Park, Joo Hyun

doi:10.1007/s11663-019-01564-6

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The reduction of the silicon content and the corresponding increase in aluminum in the steel after remelting with the 6% and 33% Al 2 O 3 -containing slag depends, in accordance with previous studies, [12,13,[19][20][21]23,30,37] mainly on the chemical reaction according to Equation (1) Equation 2, is the main source of oxygen uptake into the slag. [16,24] O 2 ðgÞ þ FeðsÞ ↔ ðFeOÞ (2)…”

Section: Chemical Reactions and Changes In The Composition Of Steel Asupporting

confidence: 89%

Effect of the Al₂O₃ Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel

Schneider

Molnar

Klösch

et al. 2020

steel research int.

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The service life of roller bearings strongly depends on nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs). Therefore, these steels request highest metallurgical standards in their production. To determine the effect of the Al2O3 content and a protective atmosphere (N2) on the electroslag remelting (ESR) behavior, laboratory scale experiments are conducted. Changes in the composition of the remelted materials and in the slag are determined. In addition, the amount and composition of the NMI prior and after remelting are investigated, and thermodynamic simulations on the formation of NMI are conducted. Changes in the chemical composition can largely be explained by well‐known equilibrium reactions between the slag and the metal. Lowest Al contents in the remelted steel can only be achieved with the Al2O3‐free slag. Higher Al2O3 contents in the slag lead to higher oxygen and sulfur contents in the steel and corresponding higher amounts of NMI after remelting. The use of a protective gas mainly reduced the loss of Si and led to lower O and S contents after remelting with the Al2O3‐free slag. The composition of the NMI changed from alumina type to MgO–Al2O3 (MA)‐spinel type and finally mixed MgO–SiO2 oxides with decreasing Al2O3 contents. These results are confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.

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Section: Chemical Reactions and Changes In The Composition Of Steel Asupporting

confidence: 89%

Effect of the Al₂O₃ Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel

Schneider

Molnar

Klösch

et al. 2020

steel research int.

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“…[52][53][54][55] The present author investigated the evolution of oxide inclusions in Si-Mn-killed steel during protective atmosphere ESR. 45) The results show that the oxide inclusions in the steel electrode are ternary 51,56) The deoxidation degree of liquid steel virtually is different in these cases.…”

Section: Oxide Inclusions In Steel Electrodementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The plant trials show that the oxygen content of martensitic stainless steel 8Cr17MoV is decreased from 58 ppm in the consumable steel electrode to 40 ppm after protective atmosphere ESR, 16) and the oxygen content of Si-Mn-killed steel is decreased from 74 ppm in the steel electrode to 34 ppm-38 ppm after protective atmosphere ESR. 45) On the contrary, the oxygen content of H13 tool steel increases from 18 ppm in the consumable steel electrode to 21 ppm-34 ppm in remelted ingots, 14) and from 8 ppm in the consumable steel electrode to 14 ppm-17 ppm after protective atmosphere ESR. 18) However, this is not always the case.…”

Section: Initial Oxygen Content Of Steel Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different deoxidation schemes (deoxidizing agent type, addition amount, and addition time, etc.) are generally adopted for liquid steel deoxidation according to the requirements of individual steel grade when producing the steel electrode for ESR, which consequently generate different types of oxide inclusions in the steel electrode, 8,[14][15][16]18,19,45) consequently giving different removal degrees of oxide inclusions during the ESR of the steel. The types, compositions and size of the original oxide inclusions in the steel electrode exert a significant influence on the refining consequence of ESR in terms of the oxygen level of the remelted ingots.…”

Section: Oxide Inclusions In Steel Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

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Deoxidation of Electroslag Remelting (ESR) – A Review

Shi

2020

ISIJ Int.

Self Cite

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Deoxidation of liquid steel and alloy during electroslag remelting (ESR) is always an ongoing concern for producing advanced clean steel and alloy. The increasing demands for more excellent performance of steel urge metallurgists to further improve the steel cleanliness. Lowering the oxygen content and nonmetallic inclusions amount during the ESR process is of great importance as ESR is the last processing procedure for refining liquid steel in the steel product manufacturing process. Deoxidation of ESR is dependent on one or more aspects including the initial oxygen content and oxide inclusions in the electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes, slag compositions, reoxidation degree, melting rate and filling ratio. This paper reviews the state of the art in the deoxidation of ESR and deoxidation-related oxide inclusions. The oxygen transfer behavior during ESR process is described first. Deoxidation of liquid steel during ESR is discussed based on the thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. The dependence of the oxygen on the processing parameters of ESR is reviewed and discussed. The influence of these parameters on the oxide inclusions associated with the deoxidation of ESR is also assessed. The suggestions for the future work are proposed in this article.

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“…The equilibrium precipitation of inclusions during cooling of 95CrMo was estimated by Factsage 7.2 with FToxid, FactPS, and FSstel data bases based on the steel compositions in Table 1, as displayed in Figure 9, and the adding temperature of Ca and S is marked in Figure 9. The same calculated method can be found in many studies [28,38,39]. However, the calculation by Factsage 7.2 is based on a normal equilibrium cooling model, and thus there may be a deviation of the calculation for temperature below solidus.…”

Section: Formation Mechanism Of Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Inclusion Characteristics in 95CrMo Steels with Different Calcium and Sulfur Contents

Long

Wang

et al. 2020

Materials

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In order to study the effect of Ca and sulfur contents on the characteristics of inclusions, industrial experiments using 95CrMo steel were conducted. SEM-EDS detections and stereological analysis were used to probe the characteristics of inclusions, including their compositions, morphologies, size, number density, and distribution. The results indicate that there were mainly three types of inclusions in 95CrMo steel billets with 6–18 ppm Ca and 30–100 ppm S: inclusions with single-phased morphology mainly composed of oxides; isolated MnS/CaS-only inclusions; inclusions with multi-phased morphology. The three-dimensional inclusion size distribution suggests that there were more Type-1 inclusions with a small size in low S containing steels. The average diameter of all types of inclusions increased with increasing Ca or S content in 95CrMo steel, indicating that the formation of MnS and CaS coarsened their size. The density distribution of inclusions indicates that the more inclusions there are, the more easily they aggregate and collide. Moreover, it is presumably concluded that the formation of sulfide in the outer layer of oxide inclusions weaken the attraction between oxide inclusions. The equilibrated transformation and formation of inclusions during the cooling process of 95CrMo steel was discussed based on thermodynamic calculation. The equilibrated transformation trajectory of inclusions in 95CrMo steel during the cooling process was Ca2SiO4 + MgO → Ca3MgSi2O8 → Spinel + CaS, which was corresponding to the detected results. The precipitation regular of sulfide was obtained. The formation mechanism for three types of inclusions was discussed.

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Evolution of Oxide Inclusions in Si-Mn-Killed Steel During Protective Atmosphere Electroslag Remelting

Cited by 36 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of the Al₂O₃ Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel

Effect of the Al₂O₃ Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel

Deoxidation of Electroslag Remelting (ESR) – A Review

Inclusion Characteristics in 95CrMo Steels with Different Calcium and Sulfur Contents

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Evolution of Oxide Inclusions in Si-Mn-Killed Steel During Protective Atmosphere Electroslag Remelting

Cited by 36 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of the Al2O3 Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel

Effect of the Al2O3 Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel

Deoxidation of Electroslag Remelting (ESR) – A Review

Inclusion Characteristics in 95CrMo Steels with Different Calcium and Sulfur Contents

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Product

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Effect of the Al₂O₃ Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel

Effect of the Al₂O₃ Content in the Slag on the Remelting Behavior of a Bearing Steel