Evolution of rare-earth mineralization in the Bear Lodge carbonatite, Wyoming: Mineralogical and isotopic evidence

Moore, Meghan; Chakhmouradian, Anton R.; Mariano, Anthony N.; Sidhu, Ravinder

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.03.015

Cited by 121 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Strontianite C and O isotope compositions are lower than those from burbankite at other localities (e.g. δ 18 O, + 7.3 to + 7.6‰, Khibiny; + 8.1‰, Vuoriyarvi; + 9.7‰, Bear Lodge; Zaitsev et al 2002;Moore et al 2015), but these are all close to, or within, the PIC box. The similar composition of strontianite to primary magmatic carbonatites indicates that alteration and breakdown of burbankite to the monazite-bearing pseudomorph assemblage is likely to have occurred soon after its formation.…”

Section: Source Of Ree Mineralising Fluid(s) and Nature Of The Mineramentioning

confidence: 77%

“…This mineral forms characteristic hexagonal crystals, either co-genetic with calcite in calcite carbonatites (e.g., Bear Lodge and Shaxiongdong; Xu et al 2008;Moore et al 2015) or in later REE-rich pegmatites (e.g., Khibiny; Zaitsev et al 1998). The primary nature of burbankite is supported by its stable (O and C) isotope composition, which is within the range of values for primary magmatic carbonatites (Zaitsev et al 2002).…”

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, burbankite is not commonly preserved and, in REE-rich carbonatites, the REE are typically hosted in REE-(fluor) carbonates or monazite, commonly in an assemblage with strontianite and baryte. Partial replacement of burbankite by this mineral assemblage has been recognised at a number of localities where the hexagonal pseudo-structure of burbankite is retained (Zaitsev et al 1998;Moore et al 2015). REE-bearing hexagonal pseudomorphs at other REE-rich carbonatites are thus thought to have formed through the same process of burbankite replacement (e.g.…”

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The processes behind the formation of these deposits are increasingly of interest due to the recognition of the REE as a 'critical metal' in terms of its supply security (e.g., Chakhmouradian and Wall 2012;European Commission 2014;Chakhmouradian et al 2015). Only certain carbonatites, however, are REE-rich [e.g., Mountain Pass and Bear Lodge, USA (Castor 2008;Moore et al 2015;Verplanck et al 2016); Kangankunde, Tundulu and Songwe, Malawi (Ngwenya 1994;Wall and Mariano 1996;Broom-Fendley et al 2016a, 2017a; Wigu Hill, Tanzania (Mariano 1989); Khibiny, Russia (Zaitsev et al 1998(Zaitsev et al , 2002(Zaitsev et al , 2015; Barra do Itapirapuã, Brazil (Andrade et al 1999;Ruberti et al 2008); and the Mianning-Dechang and Qinling belts in China (Kynicky et al 2012)]. It is almost always during the last stages of Abstract Carbonatites host some of the largest and highest grade rare earth element (REE) deposits but the composition and source of their REE-mineralising fluids remains enigmatic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Deducing the source and composition of rare earth mineralising fluids in carbonatites: insights from isotopic (C, O, 87Sr/86Sr) data from Kangankunde, Malawi

Broom-Fendley

Wall

Spiro

et al. 2017

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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Section: Source Of Ree Mineralising Fluid(s) and Nature Of The Mineramentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Deducing the source and composition of rare earth mineralising fluids in carbonatites: insights from isotopic (C, O, 87Sr/86Sr) data from Kangankunde, Malawi

Broom-Fendley

Wall

Spiro

et al. 2017

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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“…The REE commonly occur in trace concentrations in the earth's crust [3], while economic REE deposits typically are associated with carbonatite and alkaline/peralkaline igneous systems at intraplate tectonic settings. Prominent examples include Bayan Obo in China [2], Strange Lake and Nechalacho in Canada [4][5][6][7], Mountain Pass, CA [8], and Bear Lodge, WY, in the USA [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Elements in Mineral Deposits: Speciation in Hydrothermal Fluids and Partitioning in Calcite

Perry

Gysi

2018

Geofluids

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is properly cited.Studying the speciation and mineral-fluid partitioning of the rare earth elements (REE) allows us to delineate the key processes responsible for the formation of economic REE mineral deposits in natural systems. Hydrothermal REE-bearing calcite is typically hosted in carbonatites and alkaline rocks, such as the giant Bayan Obo REE deposit in China and potential REE deposits such as Bear Lodge, WY. The compositions of these hydrothermal veins yield valuable information regarding pressure ( ), temperature ( ), salinity, and other physicochemical conditions under which the REE can be fractionated and concentrated in crustal fluids. This study presents numerical simulation results of the speciation of REE in aqueous NaCl-H 2 O-CO 2 -bearing hydrothermal fluids and a new partitioning model between calcite and fluids at different --conditions. Results show that, in a high CO 2 and low salinity system, bicarbonate/carbonate are the main transporting ligands for the REE, but predominance shifts to chloride complexes in systems with high CO 2 and high salinity. Hydroxyl REE complexes may be important for the solubility and transport of the REE in alkaline fluids. These numerical predictions allow us to make quantitative interpretations of hydrothermal processes in REE mineral deposits, particularly in carbonatites, and show where future experimental work will be essential in improving our modeling capabilities for these ore-forming processes.

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The meaning of midlithospheric discontinuities: A case study in the northern U.S. craton

Hopper

Fischer

2015

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Converted wave imaging has revealed significant negative velocity gradients, often termed midlithospheric discontinuities, within the thick, high‐velocity mantle beneath cratons. In this study, we investigate the origins and implications of these structures with high‐resolution imaging of mantle discontinuities beneath the Archean Wyoming, Superior and Medicine Hat, and Proterozoic Yavapai and Trans‐Hudson terranes. Sp phases from 872 temporary and permanent broadband stations, including the EarthScope Transportable Array, were migrated into three‐dimensional common conversion point stacks. Four classes of discontinuities were observed. (1) A widespread, near‐flat negative velocity gradient occurs largely at 70–90 km depth beneath both Archean and Proterozoic cratons. This structure is consistent with the top of a frozen‐in layer of volatile‐rich melt. (2) Dipping negative velocity gradients are observed between 85 and 200 km depth. The clearest examples occur at the suture zones between accreted Paleoproterozoic Yavapai arc terranes and the Wyoming and Superior cratons. These interfaces could represent remnant subducting slabs, and together with eclogite in xenoliths, indicate that subduction‐related processes likely contributed to cratonic mantle growth. (3) Sporadic positive velocity gradients exist near the base of the lithospheric mantle, perhaps due to laterally variable compositional layering. (4) In contrast to off‐craton regions, clear Sp phases are typically not seen at lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary depths beneath Archean and Proterozoic terranes, consistent with a purely thermal contrast between cratonic mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere.

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Evolution of rare-earth mineralization in the Bear Lodge carbonatite, Wyoming: Mineralogical and isotopic evidence

Cited by 121 publications

References 62 publications

Deducing the source and composition of rare earth mineralising fluids in carbonatites: insights from isotopic (C, O, 87Sr/86Sr) data from Kangankunde, Malawi

Deducing the source and composition of rare earth mineralising fluids in carbonatites: insights from isotopic (C, O, 87Sr/86Sr) data from Kangankunde, Malawi

Rare Earth Elements in Mineral Deposits: Speciation in Hydrothermal Fluids and Partitioning in Calcite

The meaning of midlithospheric discontinuities: A case study in the northern U.S. craton

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