Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and emergence of variants of concern

Safari, Iman; Elahi, Elahe

doi:10.1007/s00705-021-05295-5

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…All other authors declare no competing interests. All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.…”

Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To contain this ongoing pandemic, more than 300 vaccines targeting various elements of SARS-CoV-2 have been developed using a variety of technologies [1], eight of which have been placed on Emergency Use Listing (EUL) by the WHO, including 3 inactivated virus vaccines, 2 mRNA vaccines, and 3 recombinant virus vaccines [2]. However, vaccine-induced immunity typically wanes over time and newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants may evade the immunity primed with vaccines developed against older variant(s) [3][4][5][6]. To address these concerns, booster immunization using additional dosing schedules has been proposed as a possible solution [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose (booster) of COVID-19 immunization in Chinese adults

Zhang¹,

Yang²,

Qiao

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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Inducing durable and effective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via vaccination is essential to combat the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has been noticed that the strength of anti-COVID-19 vaccination-induced immunity fades over time, which calls for an additional vaccination regime, as known as booster immunization, to restore immunity among previously vaccinated populations. Here we report a pilot open-label trial of a third dose of BBIBP-CorV, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell), on 136 participants aged between 18 to 63 years. Safety and immunogenicity in terms of neutralizing antibody titers and cytokine/chemokine responses were analyzed as the main endpoint until day 28. While systemic reactogenicity was either absent or mild, SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody titers rapidly arose in all participants within 4 weeks, surpassing the peak antibody titers elicited by the initial two-dose immunization regime. Broad increases of cellular immunity-associated cytokines and chemokines were also detected in the majority of participants after the third vaccination. Furthermore, in an exploratory study, a newly developed recombinant protein vaccine, NVSI-06-08 (CHO Cells), was found to be safe and even more effective than BBIBP-CorV in eliciting humoral immune responses in BBIBP-CorV-primed individuals. Together, these results indicate that a third immunization schedule with either homologous or heterologous vaccine showed favorable safety profiles and restored potent SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity, providing support for further trials of booster vaccination in larger populations. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11684-021-0914-x and is accessible for authorized users.

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Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose (booster) of COVID-19 immunization in Chinese adults

Zhang¹,

Yang²,

Qiao

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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“…In immunocompromised individuals, the appearance of SARS‐CoV‐2 strains with immunological escape ability, like the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), is a source of concern. 39 Currently, the extent to which the variant evades vaccine‐induced immunity in immunocompromised individuals is still unclear. In a study of 21 healthy controls and 64 patients receiving different immunosuppressive drugs such as rituximab or methotrexate, two doses of BNT162b2 produced a neutralizing response against Alpha and Delta strain of SARS‐CoV‐2 in 100% of controls.…”

Section: The Management Of Patients With Molecular Variants: Beyond T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current perspectives regarding SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Molica

Tam

Polliack

2022

Hematological Oncology

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In immunocompetent people, the mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273 have been shown to be safe and effective against coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19). However, results of cohort studies and meta‐analyses have indicated that the degree of humoral response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) appears to be lower than that observed in the general population. These inadequate responses are mainly related to the disease itself and to the immunosuppressive effect of therapies administered. In the specific context of CLL, enrolling patients with sub‐optimal vaccine‐response in pivotal vaccine trials could be considered as an appropriate approach to improve response to the COVID‐19 vaccine. These clinical trials should also address the issues of regularity and timing of vaccine booster doses or re‐vaccinations, especially in patients undergoing therapy with pathway‐targeting agents and anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibodies. However, since hypogammaglobulinemia is a serious consequence of CLL, patients who do not have a detectable antibody response should be natural candidates for preventive antibody therapy.

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“…Since late 2020 the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterised by the appearance of mutations on the Spike protein leading to the emergence of so-called ‘variants of concern’ (VOC) some of which have spread globally 1,2 . In particular, some of the mutations in VOCs are suggested to impact viral transmissibility 3 , resistance to neutralizing antibodies 4 , and virulence.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacement of the Gamma by the Delta variant in Brazil: impact of lineage displacement on the ongoing pandemic

Giovanetti

Fonseca

Wilkinson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil was driven mainly by the spread of Gamma (P.1), a locally emerged Variant of Concern (VOC) that was first detected in early January 2021. This variant was estimated to be responsible for more than 96% of cases reported between January and June 2021, being associated with increased transmissibility and disease severity, a reduction in neutralization antibodies and effectiveness of treatments or vaccines, as well as diagnostic detection failure. Here we show that, following several importations predominantly from the USA, the Delta variant rapidly replaced Gamma after July 2021. However, in contrast to what was seen in other countries, the rapid spread of Delta did not lead to a large increase in the number of cases and deaths reported in Brazil. We suggest that this was likely due to the relatively successful early vaccination campaign coupled with natural immunity acquired following prior infection with Gamma. Our data reinforces reports of the increased transmissibility of the Delta variant and, considering the increasing concern due to the recently identified Omicron variant, argues for the necessity to strengthen genomic monitoring on a national level to quickly detect and curb the emergence and spread of other VOCs that might threaten global health.

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Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and emergence of variants of concern

Cited by 34 publications

References 120 publications

Early assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose (booster) of COVID-19 immunization in Chinese adults

Early assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose (booster) of COVID-19 immunization in Chinese adults

Current perspectives regarding SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Replacement of the Gamma by the Delta variant in Brazil: impact of lineage displacement on the ongoing pandemic

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