Evolution of the statistical properties of photons passed through a traveling-wave laser amplifier

Diament, P.; Teich, Malvin C.

doi:10.1109/3.135273

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…While an amplified signal has Poisson statistics, ASE noise obeys Bose-Einstein statistics. For a signal having signal photons and ASE photons, the ASE noise is equivalent to Poisson-distributed light where the mean number of photons has the distribution (14) and the output photon-number distribution is given by [22], [53] (15) where is the Laguerre polynomial…”

Section: Quantum Regimementioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral Efficiency Limits and Modulation/Detection Techniques for DWDM Systems

Kahn

2004

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

289

138

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Abstract-Information-theoretic limits to spectral efficiency in dense wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) transmission systems are reviewed, considering various modulation techniques (unconstrained, constant-intensity, binary), detection techniques (coherent, direct), and propagation regimes (linear, nonlinear). Spontaneous emission from inline optical amplifiers is assumed to be the dominant noise source in all cases. Coherent detection allows use of two degrees of freedom per polarization, and its spectral efficiency limits are several b/s/Hz in typical terrestrial systems, even considering nonlinear effects. Using either constant-intensity modulation or direct detection, only one degree of freedom per polarization can be used, significantly reducing spectral efficiency. Using binary modulation, regardless of detection technique, spectral efficiency cannot exceed 1 b/s/Hz per polarization. When the number of signal and/or noise photons is small, the particle nature of photons must be considered. The quantum-limited spectral efficiency for coherent detection is slightly smaller than the classical capacity, but that for direct detection is 0.3 b/s/Hz higher than its classical counterpart. Various binary and nonbinary modulation techniques, in conjunction with appropriate detection techniques, are compared in terms of their spectral efficiencies and signal-to-noise ratio requirements, assuming amplified spontaneous emission is the dominant noise source. These include a) pulse-amplitude modulation with direct detection, b) differential phase-shift keying with interferometric detection, c) phase-shift keying with coherent detection, and d) quadrature-amplitude modulation with coherent detection.

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Section: Quantum Regimementioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral Efficiency Limits and Modulation/Detection Techniques for DWDM Systems

Kahn

2004

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

289

138

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“…In order to evaluate the output statistics in straight M-mode Er 3C -doped Ti:LiNbO 3 waveguide amplifiers, we use a quasi two-level model under the small gain approximation in the wavelength range 1.44 m < < 1.64 m [1,3,5,8].…”

Section: Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last years, several studies referred to the output statistics in systems where coherent and chaotic (thermal) fields are superimposed [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Based on the models presented in Diament and Teich [1], Desurvire [3], Puscas et al [5], and Puscas [8], in this article we evaluate the output statistics of M-mode straight Er 3C -doped Ti:LiNbO 3 amplifiers, like the Fano factor, the statistical fluctuation, and the spontaneous emission factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Based on the models presented in Diament and Teich [1], Desurvire [3], Puscas et al [5], and Puscas [8], in this article we evaluate the output statistics of M-mode straight Er 3C -doped Ti:LiNbO 3 amplifiers, like the Fano factor, the statistical fluctuation, and the spontaneous emission factor. The presented analysis is determined by the fact that often the waveguides are excited not only in the fundamental mode but also in other high-order M-modes, which influence not only the output gain, noise figure, and signal-to-noise ratio, but also the statistical properties of the waveguide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical Study of the Statistical Properties of Single- and Double-PassM-Mode Er³⁺-Ti:LiNbO₃Straight Waveguide Amplifiers

Puscas¹,

Gălătuș

Puscas

2009

Fiber and Integrated Optics

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In this article, we report a theoretical study concerning some statistical parameters which characterize the single-and double-pass Er 3C -doped Ti:LiNbO 3 M-mode straight waveguides. For the derivation and the evaluation of the Fano factor, the statistical fluctuation and the spontaneous emission factor we used a quasi two-level model in the small gain approximation and the unsaturated regime. The simulation results show the evolution of these parameters under various pump regimes and waveguide lengths. The obtained results can be used for the design of complex rare earth-doped integrated circuits.

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“…This is the reason why, over the last decade, a great attention has been devoted to the analysis of the statistical properties of Er 3+ -doped fibres and waveguide amplifiers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Output Statistics of Single and -Mode Straight and Curved :Ti:LiNb Waveguide Amplifiers

Puscas

2011

Advances in OptoElectronics

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A theoretical analysis of some statistical parameters which characterize the Er 3+ -doped Ti:LiNbO 3 single and M-mode straight and curved waveguides is presented in this paper. In the derivation and the evaluation of the spectral optical quality factor, the power spectral density, the Fano factor, the statistical fluctuation, and the spontaneous emission factor we used the small gain approximation, and the photon statistics master equation of the linear amplifier (considering that the photon number distribution is determined by the normalized mode intensity profiles which are not uniform in the transversal section of the waveguide), transposed to the case of straight and curved amplifiers. The simulation results show the evolution of the above-mentioned parameters under various pump regimes and waveguide lengths.

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Evolution of the statistical properties of photons passed through a traveling-wave laser amplifier

Cited by 39 publications

References 27 publications

Spectral Efficiency Limits and Modulation/Detection Techniques for DWDM Systems

Spectral Efficiency Limits and Modulation/Detection Techniques for DWDM Systems

Theoretical Study of the Statistical Properties of Single- and Double-PassM-Mode Er³⁺-Ti:LiNbO₃Straight Waveguide Amplifiers

Modelling of Output Statistics of Single and -Mode Straight and Curved :Ti:LiNb Waveguide Amplifiers

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Evolution of the statistical properties of photons passed through a traveling-wave laser amplifier

Cited by 39 publications

References 27 publications

Spectral Efficiency Limits and Modulation/Detection Techniques for DWDM Systems

Spectral Efficiency Limits and Modulation/Detection Techniques for DWDM Systems

Theoretical Study of the Statistical Properties of Single- and Double-PassM-Mode Er3+-Ti:LiNbO3Straight Waveguide Amplifiers

Modelling of Output Statistics of Single and -Mode Straight and Curved :Ti:LiNb Waveguide Amplifiers

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Theoretical Study of the Statistical Properties of Single- and Double-PassM-Mode Er³⁺-Ti:LiNbO₃Straight Waveguide Amplifiers