Evolutionary Trends in Heteroptera. Part II. Mouthpart-Structure and Feeding Strategies.

Schuh, Randall T.; Cobben, R.H.

doi:10.2307/2412577

Cited by 62 publications

(88 citation statements)

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“…These seven infraorders were recognized by Schuh ( 1979 ) based on the information on the evolutionary tendencies of heteropterans mouthparts and feeding habits described by Cobben ( 1978 ). Recently, Weirauch and Schuh ( 2011 ) revised the actual knowledge on the systematics and evolution of the heteropterans.…”

Section: Classifi Cation Biogeography General Characteristics and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics

Panizzi

Grazia

2015

True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics

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True bugs (Heteroptera) are a diverse and complex group of insects, particularly in the neotropics. The fauna of these bugs has been investigated through time, but our knowledge of the species living in the Neotropical Region is limited. In this introductory chapter, we give a general view on true bugs classifi cation and biogeography, with concise comments on their general characteristics and bioecology of each major taxon that comprise each of the seven infraorders of Heteroptera. IntroductionThe true bugs (Heteroptera) constitute a very interesting widely distributed group of insects, which is greatly diversifi ed in tropical zones. Considered the largest group of insects with incomplete metamorphosis, heteropterans have been studied on both basic and applied aspects worldwide.Along the years, several books have been published on Heteroptera, the majority on specifi c aspects, such as certain groups (taxa) of particular areas, and others on more general comprehensive issues. Of more broad interest, two books about the latter were published relatively recently. The fi rst was dedicated to the classifi cation and natural history of true bugs in particular, with insights on the history of the study of Heteroptera, how to collect and preserve true bugs, historical biogeogra- The second book is a massive review of the world literature on species of economic importance, ranging from pest species of crops to species of medical importance (e.g., transmitters of Chagas disease) and to species that are of "nuisance" to humans (Schaefer and Panizzi 2000 ).Considering the Neotropical Region, not a general book devoted to Heteroptera has been published in the last 70+ years. There are texts dealing with Hemiptera (Heteroptera) such as the one by Costa Lima ( 1940 ) on the true bugs of Brazil and the one by Berg ( 1879 ) devoted to true bugs of Argentina. Recently, Grazia and Fernandes ( 2012 ) made an overview of the true bugs of Brazil, updating what was published before on many scattered publications.In this introductory chapter, we give a concise and fast overview of the true bugs of the neotropics. This includes a general view on their classifi cation and biogeography, with concise comments on their general characteristics and bioecology of each major taxon that comprise each of the seven infraorders of Heteroptera. Classifi cation, Biogeography, General Characteristics, and Bioecology of Neotropical True BugsThe order Hemiptera, suborder Heteroptera, is divided into seven infraorders: Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha. These seven infraorders were recognized by Schuh ( 1979 ) based on the information on the evolutionary tendencies of heteropterans mouthparts and feeding habits described by Cobben ( 1978 ). Recently, Weirauch and Schuh ( 2011 ) revised the actual knowledge on the systematics and evolution of the heteropterans. EnicocephalomorphaThis infraorder, the unique-headed bugs, is divided in two families, Aenictopecheidae and...

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Section: Classifi Cation Biogeography General Characteristics and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics

Panizzi

Grazia

2015

True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics

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“…The fi rst studies to apply the concepts proposed by Hennig were approximations of what is now traditionally called "cladistic analysis" -based on characteristics usually employed in taxonomy and comparative morphology, such works aimed to identify equivalence between phylogenetic hypotheses and taxonomic classifi cations (Schuh 1979(Schuh , 1986. At higher taxonomic ranks, such hypotheses of relationships were presented as hierarchical branching diagrams, depicting the distributional congruence of attributes (characters) between taxa.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Systematics and Modern Higher Classifi Cations mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cobben's sampling of the Neotropical fauna was notable, by sampling species from the Antilles, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Chile in its fi rst volume (Cobben 1968 ), then, on its second volume, by extending the Neotropical sampling to species occurring in Honduras, Paraguay, Peru, and Trinidad (Cobben 1978 ). Cobben's studies on heteropteran morphology would be later compiled in morphological matrices (Schuh 1979 ;Mahner 1993 ;Wheeler et al 1993 ), but many characters proposed by Cobben are yet to be coded in a formal cladistic analysis (Weirauch and Schuh 2011 ). Cobben ( 1978 ) also ventured into proposing phylogenetic relationships within Heteroptera, even though not using formal cladistic analysis.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Systematics and Modern Higher Classifi Cations mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cobben recognized Gerromorpha as paraphyletic and at the base of Heteroptera. Schuh ( 1979 ) reaccessed Cobben's work employing cladistic analyses, proposing the fi rst phylogenetic analysis using parsimony criterion and outgroup comparison to polarize characters, in order to recognize higher-level groups in Heteroptera. Schuh ( 1979 ) demystifi es wrong concepts implicit in Cobben's work, such as the impossibility to cladistically analyze higher taxa of Heteroptera because of the enormous amounts of parallelisms.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Systematics and Modern Higher Classifi Cations mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schuh ( 1979 ) reaccessed Cobben's work employing cladistic analyses, proposing the fi rst phylogenetic analysis using parsimony criterion and outgroup comparison to polarize characters, in order to recognize higher-level groups in Heteroptera. Schuh ( 1979 ) demystifi es wrong concepts implicit in Cobben's work, such as the impossibility to cladistically analyze higher taxa of Heteroptera because of the enormous amounts of parallelisms. Schuh ( 1979 ) found the Enicocephalomorpha to be the sister group to the remaining Heteroptera, Dipsocoromorpha as sister group to Neoheteroptera, and Gerromorpha as sister group to Nepomorpha + Leptopodomorpha and Cimicomorpha + Pentatomomorpha.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Systematics and Modern Higher Classifi Cations mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification and Biogeography of Neotropical True Bugs

Ferrari

Barão

Bianchi

et al. 2015

True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics

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A review of Heteroptera classifi cation, biogeography, and phylogeography is presented. The use of molecular data signifi cantly expanded the knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among and within heteropteran infraorders. However, taxa historically less studied continue to receive little attention. Promising, new molecular approaches with increased genetic markers and broader taxon sampling, as well as new morphological approaches (e.g., microtomography), are the future for more stable classifi cations and a better comprehension of the heteropteran evolutionary history, but their application is still incipient. A non-exhaustive overview of studies about Neotropical heteropteran biogeography is made and discussed, including those about intercontinental connections and regional distribution patterns. The most comprehensible studies, and more promising area, seem to be those focused on distribution patterns, especially employing macroecological methods, and trying to elucidate what are the major factors responsible for the distribution of the group in the Neotropics. Finally, we present an overview of phylogeographic studies involving Neotropical Heteroptera. It is clear that the best biogeographic and phylogeographic studied groups are those with medical and economical importance (e.g., Reduviidae and Pentatomidae).

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