Evolving Coronary Stent Technologies - A Glimpse Into the Future

Abstract

One of the most widely accepted forms of treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) is the implementation of stents into the vessel. This area of research is constantly evolving, ranging from baremetal stents through drug-eluting stents and, more recently, approaching bioresorbable stents and polymerfree stents. This article reviews the evolution of all these devices and emphasizes how they might be further evolved to provide an optimal coronary stent and overcome unsolved challenges in stent development. We thoroughly evaluated a number of published studies in order to advance coronary stent technologies. Additionally, we looked for various literature that highlighted the inadequacies of the coronary stents that are currently available and how they might be modified to create the optimum coronary stent. Coronary stents have significantly improved clinical outcomes in interventional cardiology, but there are still a number of drawbacks, including an persisted risk of thrombosis due to endothelial injury and in-stent restenosis. Gene eluting stents (GES) and customized coronary stents with self-reporting stent sensors are appealing alternatives to existing stent approaches. Considering the adequacy of these gene eluting stents (GES), customized coronary stents produced by novel 4D printing technologies and integrated self-reporting stent sensors should be assumed for anticipating future advancements to optimal coronary stent devices; however, more interventional evidence is required to determine the future prospects of these stent innovations.

Evolutionary trends and innovations in cardiovascular intervention

“…GES utilize stents as carriers for the localized delivery of therapeutic genes, potentially overcoming the limitations of traditional gene therapy. Studies have demonstrated the precise transport of plasmid genes such as GFP and VEGF through bioabsorbable stents, offering new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of vascular lesions ( 49 ).…”

A Study of PLA Thin Film on SS 316L Coronary Stents Using a Dip Coating Technique

“…Approximately 5 million percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are performed annually worldwide [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Atherosclerosis is one of the most recurring inflammatory problems produced in the coronary arteries in the last years around the world [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Stenting is an important treatment to allow blood to flow through narrowed coronary arteries [ 2 , 8 ].…”