“…The leukemogenic mechanism of azathioprine is considered to involve prevention of repair of drug-induced DNA double-strand breaks [18], and induction of mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, as reflected by microsatellite instability [19,20]. On the other hand, conventional treatments and biologics, including anti-TNF-α antagonists and ustekinumab, reportedly only have a slight association with myeloid neoplasms in patients with IBD and other immune-mediated diseases [16,[21][22][23][24][25][26]. However, our patient developed APL even though he had not received thiopurines.…”