Excessive 5-year weight gain predicts metabolic syndrome development in healthy middle-aged adults

Lin, Yu‐Cheng; Chen, Jong-Dar; Chen, Pau‐Chung

doi:10.4239/wjd.v2.i1.8

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…We defined an increase of at least 5% as having weight gain whereas less than 5% (including weight loss) was defined as having no weight gain, as prior studies have associated the cutoff point of at least 5% with adverse outcomes. 23 , 24 Quitters were categorized into two groups: quitters with and without weight gain.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Cessation, Weight Gain, and the Trajectory of Estimated Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: 8-Year Follow-up From a Prospective Cohort Study

Chen

Kawasaki

et al. 2019

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Introduction The effect of weight gain following smoking cessation on cardiovascular risks is unclear. We aimed to prospectively investigate the association of weight gain following smoking cessation with the trajectory of estimated risks of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods In a cohort of 18 562 Japanese male employees aged 30–64 years and initially free of cardiovascular diseases, participants were exclusively grouped into sustained smokers, quitters with weight gain (body weight increase ≥5%), quitters without weight gain (body weight increase <5% or weight loss), and never smokers. Global 10-year CHD risk was annually estimated by using a well-validated prediction model for the Japanese population. Linear mixed models and piecewise linear mixed models were used to compare changes in the estimated 10-year CHD risk by smoking status and weight change following smoking cessation. Results During a maximum of 8-year follow-up, both quitters with and without weight gain had a substantially decreased level of estimated 10-year CHD risk after quitting smoking, compared with sustained smokers (all ps for mean differences < .001). The estimated 10-year CHD risk within the first year after cessation decreased more rapidly in quitters without weight gain than in quitters with weight gain (change rate [95% confidence interval, CI] −0.90 [−1.04 to −0.75] vs. −0.40 [−0.60 to −0.19] % per year, p < .0001). Thereafter, the estimated 10-year CHD risk in both groups increased at similar rates (change rate [95% CI] −0.07 [−0.21 to 0.07] vs. 0.11 [−0.09 to 0.30] % per year, p = .16, from year 1 to year 2; and 0.10 [0.05 to 0.15] vs. 0.11 [0.04 to 0.18] % per year, p = .80, from year 2 to year 8). Conclusions In this population of middle-aged, Japanese male workers, smoking cessation greatly reduces the estimated 10-year risk of CHD. However, weight gain weakens the beneficial effect of quitting smoking in a temporary and limited fashion. Implications To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effect of weight gain following smoking cessation on the trajectory of the absolute risk of CHD. Our data imply that the benefits of cessation for reducing the absolute risk of CHD outweigh the potential risk increase due to weight gain, and suggest that in order to maximize the beneficial effects of quitting smoking, interventions to control post-cessation weight gain might be warranted.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Cessation, Weight Gain, and the Trajectory of Estimated Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: 8-Year Follow-up From a Prospective Cohort Study

Chen

Kawasaki

et al. 2019

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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“…Our previous Hungarian lifelong study, in which the 2 main components of MetSy were evaluated [10] and others with shorter follow-up periods found differences between the dynamics of weight gain among patients with obesity, diabetes and hypertension [11,12].…”

Section: Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early and Menopausal Weight Gain and its Relationship with the Development of Diabetes and Hypertension

Rurik

Móczár²,

Buono

et al. 2016

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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Previous research has revealed a clear relationship between weight gain of persons and their metabolic diseases developing later. These studies have covered only short periods lasting 4-8 years.Our goal was to collect decades' old and often life-long anthropometric data and correlate the figures with the presence of hypertension and diabetes or both. A retrospective international study was planned and organized to compare self-recorded data of lifelong weight gain among 60-70-year-old patients, analyze their correlation with metabolic diseases they developed, with special attention to women's weight gain around pregnancy, delivery and menopause in primary care settings in Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia and the Ukraine. Of the recruited 815 participants, 319 men and 496 women presented all the required data. Diabetics of both genders had the highest baseline weight at 20 years of age. The weight and BMI of the whole study population increased steadily until their seventies, but to a lesser extent after their fifties. Compared to the control group, changes over decades were the greatest among diabetics and also greater among patients with hypertension. Weight increase in the first decades (20-30-year-old men and 30-40-year-old women) was a significant risk factor for the development of diabetes (OR=1.044; p=0.002; 95% CI: 1.01-1.07). Among patients with diabetes and hypertension, both diagnoses were set up earlier than among those with a single morbidity.Among females, weight increase around pregnancy and menopause correlated significantly with higher odds for the diagnoses of diabetes and/or hypertension, irrespective of the number of children. During their decade-long relationship with their patients, family physicians are expected to identify the higher weight gain of their patients, especially among younger generation and intervene, if necessary.

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“…Excess caloric intake results in positive energy balance, particularly in the presence of low physical activity, and leisure time physical activity at young and middle age is accordingly a strong predictor of metabolic syndrome in subsequent years 53 – 55 . Irrespectively of underlying factors, total weight gain also directly predicts metabolic syndrome 56 . Abdominal fat accumulation is however widely recognized as a better biomarker of metabolic and cardiovascular risk than body mass index (BMI) itself, 6 , 7 , 57 and it is thought to play a major role in the onset of metabolic syndrome.…”

Section: Nutrition Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Biomarkers in Metabolic Syndrome

2013

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A biomarker can be defined as a measurable variable that may be used as an indicator of a given biological state or condition. Biomarkers have been used in health and disease for diagnostic purposes, as tools to assess effectiveness of nutritional or drug intervention, or as risk markers to predict the development of certain diseases. In nutrition studies, selecting appropriate biomarkers is important to assess compliance, or incidence of a particular dietary component in the biochemistry of the organism, and in the diagnosis and prognosis of nutrition-related diseases. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that occur simultaneously in the same individual, and it is associated with systemic alterations that may involve several organs and tissues. Given its close association with obesity and the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, identifying obese individuals at risk for metabolic syndrome is a major clinical priority. Biomarkers for metabolic syndrome are therefore potential important tools to maximize the effectiveness of treatment in subjects who would likely benefit the most. Choice of biomarkers may be challenging due to the complexity of the syndrome, and this article will mainly focus on nutrition biomarkers related to the diagnosis and prognosis of the metabolic syndrome.

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Excessive 5-year weight gain predicts metabolic syndrome development in healthy middle-aged adults

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Smoking Cessation, Weight Gain, and the Trajectory of Estimated Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: 8-Year Follow-up From a Prospective Cohort Study

Smoking Cessation, Weight Gain, and the Trajectory of Estimated Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: 8-Year Follow-up From a Prospective Cohort Study

Early and Menopausal Weight Gain and its Relationship with the Development of Diabetes and Hypertension

Clinical Biomarkers in Metabolic Syndrome

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