“…For EMDEs, the median value averaged +0.15 since 1970, but declined to +0.08 over 1998-2017. Among larger EMDEs, the average ERPT in China is estimated at +0.08 since 1998, somewhat below previously reported estimates (Jiang and Kim, 2013;Shu and Su, 2009;Wang and Li, 2010). For India, the average ERPT is estimated at +0.14, broadly in line with previous studies (Bhattacharya, Patnaik, and Shah, 2008;Forbes, Hjortsoe, and Nenova, 2017;Kapur and Behera, 2012).…”