Excitatory actions of GABA and of acetylcholine in sea urchin tube feet

Florey, Ernst; Cahill, Mary Anne; Rathmayer, Martina

doi:10.1016/0306-4492(75)90031-3

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Echinoids including P. lividus protect themselves against acidosis through accumulation of HCO − 3 in the extracellular fluid, inducing compensatory reductions in Cl − (Collard et al, 2014;Miles, Widdicombe, Spicer, & Hall-Spencer, 2007;Stumpp et al, 2012). The excitatory action of GABA resulting in increased Cl − has been already reported in echinoid tube feet (Florey, Cahill, & Rathmayer, 1975). We hypothesize that high CO 2 could alter information processing through the GABA A pathway, leading to the behavioral modifications observed in P. lividus.…”

Section: Streamlining Strategymentioning

confidence: 57%

Ocean warming and acidification alter the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Cohen‐Rengifo

Agüera

Bouma

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are intensively investigated as they pose major threats to marine organism. However, little effort is dedicated to another collateral climate change stressor, the increased frequency, and intensity of storm events, here referred to as intensified hydrodynamics. A 2‐month experiment was performed to identify how OW and OA (temperature: 21°C; pHT: 7.7, 7.4; control: 17°C‐pHT7.9) affect the resistance to hydrodynamics in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus using an integrative approach that includes physiology, biomechanics, and behavior. Biomechanics was studied under both no‐flow condition at the tube foot (TF) scale and flow condition at the individual scale. For the former, TF disk adhesive properties (attachment strength, tenacity) and TF stem mechanical properties (breaking force, extensibility, tensile strength, stiffness, toughness) were evaluated. For the latter, resistance to flow was addressed as the flow velocity at which individuals detached. Under near‐ and far‐future OW and OA, individuals fully balanced their acid‐base status, but skeletal growth was halved. TF adhesive properties were not affected by treatments. Compared to the control, mechanical properties were in general improved under pHT7.7 while in the extreme treatment (21°C‐pHT7.4) breaking force was diminished. Three behavioral strategies were implemented by sea urchins and acted together to cope with flow: improving TF attachment, streamlining, and escaping. Behavioral responses varied according to treatment and flow velocity. For instance, individuals at 21°C‐pHT7.4 increased the density of attached TF at slow flows or controlled TF detachment at fast flows to compensate for weakened TF mechanical properties. They also showed an absence of streamlining favoring an escaping behavior as they ventured in a riskier faster movement at slow flows. At faster flows, the effects of OW and OA were detrimental causing earlier dislodgment. These plastic behaviors reflect a potential scope for acclimation in the field, where this species already experiences diel temperature and pH fluctuations.

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Section: Streamlining Strategymentioning

confidence: 57%

Ocean warming and acidification alter the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Cohen‐Rengifo

Agüera

Bouma

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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“…In adult specimens of the asteroid Asterias rubens , GABAergic neurons were observed in radial nerve cords, tube feet and regions of the digestive system. Particularly, the distribution of this neurotransmitter in the nerve plexus of asteroids (Newman & Thorndyke, ) together with pharmacological investigations in both asteroid and echinoid species demonstrated that GABA had an excitatory effect on tube feet (Florey, Cahill, & Rathmayer, ; Protas & Muske, ). Acetylcholine also caused tube foot contraction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nervous system characterization during the development of a basal echinoderm, the feather star Antedon mediterranea

Mercurio

Gattoni

Messinetti

et al. 2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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Neural development of echinoderms has always been difficult to interpret, as larval neurons degenerate at metamorphosis and a tripartite nervous system differentiates in the adult. Despite their key phylogenetic position as basal echinoderms, crinoids have been scarcely studied in developmental research. However, since they are the only extant echinoderms retaining the ancestral body plan of the group, crinoids are extremely valuable models to clarify neural evolution in deuterostomes. Antedon mediterranea is a feather star, endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Its development includes a swimming lecithotrophic larva, the doliolaria, with basiepithelial nerve plexus, and a sessile filter‐feeding juvenile, the pentacrinoid, whose nervous system has never been described in detail. Thus, we characterized the nervous system of both these developmental stages by means of immunohistochemistry and, for the first time, in situ hybridization techniques. The results confirmed previous descriptions of doliolaria morphology and revealed that the larval apical organ contains two bilateral clusters of serotonergic cells while GABAergic neurons are localized under the adhesive pit. This suggested that different larval activities (e.g., attachment and metamorphosis) are under the control of different neural populations. In pentacrinoids, the analysis showed the presence of a cholinergic entoneural system while the ectoneural plexus appeared more composite, displaying different neural populations. The expression of three neural‐related microRNAs was described for the first time, suggesting that these are evolutionarily conserved also in basal echinoderms. Overall, our results set the stage for future investigations that will reveal new information on echinoderm evo‐devo neurobiology.

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“…Immunocytochemical studies have localized GABA throughout the echinoderm nervous and muscular systems (Florey et al, 1975;Newman and Thorndyke, 1994), suggesting that GABA may play a role in modulating motor activities (Newman and Thorndyke, 1994). GABA has been detected in various digestive structures of Asterias and acts as a classic inhibitory neurotransmitter in both the holothurian cloaca (Hill, 1970) and body wall longitudinal muscles, where it causes muscle relaxation, suppresses spontaneous rhythmicity and inhibits cholinergic contractions (Devlin and Schlosser, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) release in the ciliated protozoonParameciumoccurs by neuronal-like exocytosis

Ramoino

Milanese

Candiani

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYParamecium primaurelia expresses a significant amount of -amino butyric acid (GABA). Paramecia possess both glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-like and vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT)-like proteins, indicating the ability to synthesize GABA from glutamate and to transport GABA into vesicles. Using antibodies raised against mammalian GAD and vGAT, bands with an apparent molecular weight of about 67kDa and 57kDa were detected. The presence of these bands indicated a similarity between the proteins in Paramecium and in mammals. VAMP, syntaxin and SNAP, putative proteins of the release machinery that form the so-called SNARE complex, are present in Paramecium. Most VAMP, syntaxin and SNAP fluorescence is localized in spots that vary in size and density and are primarily distributed near the plasma membrane. Antibodies raised against mammal VAMP-3, sintaxin-1 or SNAP-25 revealed protein immunoblot bands having molecular weights consistent with those observed in mammals. Moreover, P. primaurelia spontaneously releases GABA into the environment, and this neurotransmitter release significantly increases after membrane depolarization. The depolarization-induced GABA release was strongly reduced not only in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ but also by pre-incubation with bafilomycin A1 or with botulinum toxin C1 serotype. It can be concluded that GABA occurs in Paramecium, where it is probably stored in vesicles capable of fusion with the cell membrane; accordingly, GABA can be released from Paramecium by stimulus-induced, neuronal-like exocytotic mechanisms.

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Excitatory actions of GABA and of acetylcholine in sea urchin tube feet

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

Ocean warming and acidification alter the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Ocean warming and acidification alter the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Nervous system characterization during the development of a basal echinoderm, the feather star Antedon mediterranea

γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) release in the ciliated protozoonParameciumoccurs by neuronal-like exocytosis

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