Exercise and inactivity as modifiers of β cell function and type 2 diabetes risk

Abstract

Exercise is beneficial for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, while the cessation of regular exercise or physical activity (PA) can lead to metabolic derangements that drive these diseases. Adaptations to the insulin secreting pancreatic b-cells are an important benefit of exercise, while less is known on how exercise cessation affects these cells. The aim of this review is to highlight the known impacts that exercise and exercise cessation have on b-cell function, with a focus on the evidence from studies examining glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) using gold standard techniques. Potential mechanisms by which the b-cell adapts to exercise, including exerkine and incretin signaling, autonomic nervous system signaling and changes in insulin clearance, will also be explored and areas for future research highlighted.